フランスのバカロレア試験における評価観 : 問題作成と採点に関する議論の歴史的検討を通じて

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to clarify a view of evaluation in baccalaureate in France. Baccalaureate is a certifying examination that confers the completion of high school and the qualification for university admission. It is conducted near the end of high school, and candidates take exams for almost all subjects they have finished. Most are short articles. Successful candidates can be basically admitted to enter any university. I began so by revealing characteristics of the organization of evaluation in baccalaureate. It is composed of a commission on making exam questions and three commissions on marking. In the former committee, teachers of various high schools draw up exam questions upon deliberation with chairpersons of a professor and an inspector. In the latter, high school teachers who are appointed markers adjust their grades by means of moderation. I then examined historical discussions on making exam questions and marking of baccalaureate. Diverse controversies have been developed in terms of validity, reliability and equity of evaluation. Through these investigations, I pointed out that baccalaureate has a view of evaluation aiming to assess the elevated ability at the average level of students concerning what they learned in high school without wide grade variations.