宋代政治史料解析法 : 「時政記」と「日記」を手掛かりとして

Abstract

The study of the political history of the Song has progressed by focusing on such privately edited chronicles as the representative Xu zi-citong-jian zhang-bian 續資治通鑑長編 of Li Tao 李燾. These historical chronicles were composed mainly by using official historical records such as court diaries 起居注, records of administrative affairs 時政記, daily calendars 日暦, veritable records 實錄, and national histories 國史, and secondarily by using private 私史 and unofficial histories 野史, epitaphs 墓誌 and accounts of conduct 行狀 etc. In this paper, I have attempted to reconstruct the original sources which were used in the compilatory process of the privately compiled chronicles, by means of using the authoritative sources and other original materials mentioned in the annotations, and also to consider the character of the compilatory process of political records in the Song and the close relations between the offcially compiled historical records and the political structure of the Song. The results of these considerations are as follows. First, in the process of compiling officially edited historical records, a daily calendar would be compiled on the basis of the court diary and record of administrative affairs, then a veritable record would be compiled from the daily calendar, and the national history was compiled on the basis of the veritable record. Among these materials, the record of administrative affairs, recorded in turns by Grand Councillors and Executive Officials 宰執 who discussed political affairs with the emperor, was the most important. Second, the Grand Councillors and Executive Officials would write their private political diaries and the records of administrative affairs at the same time. The contents of these diaries resembled that of the records of administrative affairs, being primarily a record of political discussions with the emperor. These diaries served the purposes of supplying records for the records of administrative affairs and making memoranda of political affairs. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that other high-ranking officials also wrote private diaries. This is thought to be related to the fact these records were required to be presented to the government, when the veritable record was being compiled. Third, in addition to the records of administrative affairs and private diaries, all historical materials used in government compiled historical records were closely related to the political structure of the day. The Song was the period when the political system known as the dui 對, where bureaucrats might state their opinions directly to the emperor, was developed. The development of this system had great significance on the fact that such political discussions between the emperor and his bureaucrats have been retained, and is thought to have resulted in the birth of such political records as the records of administrative affairs and private political diaries. In summary, as political records were compiled in close relation to the political structure of the day, in order to analyze these political records we must turn our attention to the political circumstances under which the records were created, and grasp the policy-making process.