元代における站戸の形態 : 馬站戸と水站戸を中心として

Abstract

A number of essays have been published in Japan and elsewhere beginning with Professor Toru Haneda's Gencho ekiden zakko 元朝駅傳雜考 on the chan-ch'ih (站赤 jamci) system of the Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty from the 13th to the 14th century; and it would seem that the chan-ch'ih system as a system of relay stations had been thoroughly elucidated. However, I believe many problems worthy of investigation remain with respect to the chan-hu themselves who ran the chan-ch'ih system. In this short piece, centering on the horse and water chan-hu throughout China proper, I shall first clarify the basis of arrangement and commandeering, its manual labor and economic responsibilities, and the main 正 as well as sub 貼 chan-ch'ih systems; and I will investigate the social and economic aspects of the family structure and private land-holding of the chan-hu system. While the chan-hu system which was first carried out in North China was also implemented in the Chiang-nan 江南 region, the process by which it had to change because of differences in the systems of private land-holding and taxation will become clear. In spite of all this, I will point out why the Mongols enforced such an ancient system as chan-hu which imposed extraordinary hereditary labor requirements on specific households in Chinese society which had already passed through the ancient period, and thus the reason why together with other institutions of the Mongol Empire and the Yuan Dynasty would cause complictions to the development of Chinese society.