宋代に於ける官田出賣策

Abstract

The land classifications into which official Sung lands fell were of many types, each with its own history, and gradually from the Northern to the Southern Sung, a great deal of official lands other than t'un-t'ien 屯田， hsueh-t'ien 學田, and chih-t'ien 職田 were sold. This policy of official land alienation was one characteristic of the Sung's official land policy. If we ignore this, then I believe we will run into the danger of discussing the growth of cultivation rights and of trying to analyze production relations at the same time as non-official lands or min-t'ien 民田. Under the policy of official land alienation in cases where cultivators purchased land whose value was set by an official or by auction, he was treated extremely well; however, when one lacked the capacity to purchase the land, one was compelled by force to abandon it ch'an-t'ien 剗田. Taxes on purchased land were assessed in compliance with the liang-shui 兩税 system. The fact that throughout the Sung so much official land was dealt with under this policy indicates that the continuation of the cultivation of official land was always in an unstable state; in other words, unless one bought the land that one was cultivating, gained ownership rights, and recorded it in the land registers as land which was taxed under the liang-shui system, then the rights to cultivation would not be guaranteed.