前漢時代の郡・國の守・相の支配權の強化について

Abstract

Before Jingdi's 景帝 reign period, the Junshou and guoxiang held little power as administrative offices within the local government. After Wudi's 武帝 reign period, their control had increased. In addition to the concerns which they had managed previously, they largely absorbed the functions of the xian 縣. In doing so, they increased the duties of that office and moreover formed a highly coordinated association with the organizations of officials below the xian level. This was not an institutional revolution that could have occurred at any time. During the political transition after Wudi's reign, small institutional changes and operational reforms had occurred cumulatively one by one. Figuring in the background of how the duties of the show and xiang increased was the beginning during Wudi's reign of a strict and careful scrutiny of the shangjipu 上計簿. In answer to this, the shou and xiang had grasped the actual affairs of the xian with accuracy. And moreover had begun to exert an effort to improve even slightly the contents of the shangjipu. The following figures in the background behind the formation of a highly coordinated association with the organizations of officials below the xian level. During Wudi's reign, the relations between the shou-xiang and the officials below the xian level had had to become close because if an officer did not recommend (chaju) the xiao 孝 or lian 廉 he was severely punished. Let us study one aspect of the means whereby the shou and xiang strengthened their control from the perspective of their participation in the collection of taxes. When the foreign campaigns were renewed again and again during Wudi's reign, the junshou and guoxiang of those regions which served as bases for the sorties of the campaigns were -charged with the responsibility of providing for the campaigns. To raise funds for wartime expenditures and munitions, they also intervened in the collection of taxes. Later, this tendency was enhanced. At the latest, it was during the Yuanding 元鼎 period (BC 116-BC 111) that the jun and guo at the rear of the campaigns' sortie bases also developed similarly. Shou and xiang unable to fulfill their duties also came to be discharged. At the same time, the shou and xiang extended their jurisdiction over the collection of ordinary taxes that had no connection with the provision of the foreign campaigns.