晉宋革命と雍州 (襄陽) の僑民 : 軍政支配から民政支配へ

Abstract

Following the great disturbances of the Yongjia 永嘉 period, the successive migration of refugees from all parts of northern China into the Xingyang region occurred. The Eastern Jin 東晋 government organized many qiaojun 僑郡 and qiaoxian 僑縣 there in an attempt to provide relief for them, as well as in an attempt to control them. In about 386, Yongzhou was officially relocated in the Xiangyang region. The reason why this measure was taken is that aristocratic clans from Yongzhou (Guanzhong 關中) had moved there in great numbers in fleeing the disturbances of the latter years of the Qian Qin 前秦. In the beginning of this relocation, Yongzhou did not have concrete boundaries. But when four counties were partitioned from Jingzhou 荊州 between the years 446-448, the boundaries of the province were virtually determined. Then, around 458, the borders of the qiaojun and qiaoxian were also delineated under the policy of the Daming-tuduan 大明土斷 of Wang Xuanmo 王玄謨. Hence, the region was fully realized as a province. This essay clarifies that in the Yongzhou that underwent such a complex series of changes, the original emigrants had been placed under a kind of military government. In other words, the commissioner, a civil government official, had had only a nominal presence in the region and the official agencies associated with the administration oi a zhou 州 had not been organized. The qiaojun had been governed by a military office and the emigrants had been placed under a kind of military control. They represented the military strength of the armies engaged in wars with the Five Barbarian dinasties 五胡 and the Man 蠻 tribes. When in 420, the Liu-Song 劉宋 dynasty was established, control was changed to that of a civil government. At the same time, all the clans living in the recognized region of Xiangyang were reclassified. And this measure was an essential prerequisite to the establishment of a zhou administration that accompanied the change to civil government. The transfer of all the qiaojun of the provinces to Yongzhou was also a prerequisite. The desires of the migrants who had repelled the control of the military government--especially the aristocratic clans--act upon the implementation of this change. About 175 years later, Wendi 文帝 of the Sui 隋 dynasty enacted the so-called abolition of the provincial offices. The fact that these completely opposite policies had to be accomplished is testimony to the historical position of early 5th century Jiangnan 江南 society.