商君書徠民、算地兩篇よりみた秦朝權力の形成過程

Abstract

Most of the chapters comprised in the Book of Lord Shang are believed to have been authored by scholars who inherited the tradition initiated by Shang Yang 商鞅 but lived after his death. The two chapters Laimin and Suandi were written at about the same time but there is an important difference in the argument they put forward. In the Laimin chapter the "minister" 臣 occurring in the text discards Shang Yang's principle that awards should be bestowed only after merit had been proven and proposes that awards be given in anticipation of future merit. In concrete terms the minister proposes that a "division of labor" be instituted in which the people from the Three Jin kingdoms 三晉 are given awards and made to occupy themselves exclusively with agriculture, whereas the original inhabitants of Qin are employed exclusively with military pursuits. However, the character called "official" 王吏 in the same chapter upholds Shang Yang's principle of the undivisability of the agricultural and military occupations and the minister and the official are thus in opposition to each other. The "minister" 臣 occurring in the Suandi chapter stands for exactly the same policy as the "official" of the Laimin chapter. If we examine the position represented by the official of the Laimin chapter and the minister of the Suandi chapter, we find that it consists in a maintenance of the principles emphasized by Shang Yang concerning the unity of the farming and the warring occupations and the centralised bestowal of awards for clearing land. This policy was proposed to redress the relaxation of Shang Yang's policies that had occurred within the state of Qin and it is diametrically opposed to the proposal put forward by the minister of the Laimin chapter that people from outside of Qin be made to clear land. If we view this opposition in the light of Qin state power, the minister of the Laimin chapter can be equated with the group centering around Cai Ze 蔡澤 that came to Qin in 252 B.C. and the official seems to belong to the tradition of persons as Wei Ran 魏冄 and Fan Sui 苑睢.