春秋時代の都市 : 城・郭問題探討

Abstract

The cities of ancient China were nearly all surrounded by ramparts of some kind. Now if we extract references to walled towns in the Spring and Autumn Period from the Zuo zhian, we obtain 138 examples. Since there surely existed some examples that did not get into the records, we know that 138 is the lower limit of how many walled towns existed during the Spring and Autumn Period. Of these 138 towns, seventeen are said to have had a layout with an inner wall (cheng 城) and an outer wall (guo 郭). Moreover, ten of these seventeen were capital cities of various states. From this we can say that most of the capital cities of the various states of the Spring and Autumn Period were of this inner and outer wall form. Moreover, in accord with the general opinion, it seems that the inner wall was built first, and the outer wall was built afterwards. The Chinese character for state "國" indicated a walled city. According to the previous interpretation, with regard to walled cities, the outer wall was thought to be included in the state. However, according to the references in the Zuozhuan, the outer wall was not included in the state. It seems that in the double walled cities of the Spring and Autumn Period, the outer wall was not part of the state. The concept that the outer wall was also part of the state probably prevailed after the Warring States Period. Previously, Prof. Miyazaki Ichisada presented the theory that the cities of ancient China under went a transition from having only inner walls to having both inner and outer walls, and finally to developing into cities with only outer walls. The research in this essay supports this theory.