康煕前半におけるクヤラ・新滿洲佐領の移住

Abstract

From the beginning of the seventeenth century Nurhaci, Taizu 太祖 of the Qing dynasty, and his successors extended their domain to the middle and lower reaches of the Amur River and organized most of the minorities in those regions into a group called frontier people 邊民. When the Russians entered the Amur region, about the middle of that century, the Qing government conscripted the frontier people of the middle Amur region to form the Eight Banners garrison 八旗 in order to reinforce the northern military strength. First, in the ninth year of the Kangxi, the Qing government organized the Kuyala tribe living along the course of the Ussuri River and the southern part of the Maritime Province into the fourteen Kuyala zuoling and stationed them at Ningguta 寧古塔. In the following year they were sent to Jirin 吉林. Second, in the thirteenth year it organized the Hurha tribe, which lived mainly along the lower reaches of the Sungari River, into forty New Manchu 新滿洲 zuoling, from which twelve zuoling were separated in the fifteenth year. Since the so-called Three Feudatories 三藩 and Burni (Prince of the Chakhar Mongols) revolts occured just at that time, it became necessary to reorganize the military units and transfer these new zuoling. In the fifteenth year of the Kangxi, the Qing government stationed the New Manchu zuoling in Ningguta and in the next year transferred most of them to Jirin. During the seventeenth and eighteenth year, three zuoling from Jirin were transferred to the Mukden district. At the end of the eighteenth year these zuoling were moved from Mukden to Peking. Moreover, in the twenty-ninth year, the year following the conclusion of the Treaty of Nerchinsk between China and Russia, the Qing government sent at once the Eight Banners garrison, which included many Kuyala and New Manchu zuoling to the Heilongjiang 黒龍江 district. Later, the frontier people remaining along the middle Amur region were organized into the Ilan-Hala 三姓 and Hunchun 琿春 banner garrisons, thereby causing the organization of frontier people in the middle Amur region to disappear, and only the frontier people in the lower Amur region remained.