国立故宮博物院ならびに京都大学所蔵の「山西辺垣図群」の描図パターンの比較と分類

Abstract

2011年11月，我們在國立故宮博物院調查了《山西邊垣圖》和《山西三關邊垣圖》，發現其中幾幅圖的描繪模式與京都大學所藏《山西邊垣佈陣圖》（京大圖）有明顯的差別。最為顯著的差別在如下三項上：1）東路的五臺山、五臺縣所處的圖幅與其在圖幅中的位置，2）西路的馬站堡、永興堡所處的圖幅與其在圖幅中的位置、3）岢嵐州和嵐縣在一幅圖中的相對佈置。通過此三項的分析，我們了解到〈山西邊垣圖群〉一系列地圖按照描繪模式的不同可以分成A、B兩個大類型。〈山西邊垣圖群〉中與京大圖一樣具有東西兩路（即缺中路）的一共有六套，三套為A型（包括京大圖在內），其餘三套皆為B型。A型圖中最接近於京大圖的就是《山西三關邊垣圖》（全二十冊）。

The National Palace Museum of Taiwan owns two different series of maps depicted along the Great Wall in Shanxi. They are 'Map of the region depicted along the Great Wall in Shanxi 山西辺垣図' and 'Map of the Shanxi Sanguan region depicted along the Great Wall 山西三関辺 垣図.' The Kyoto University of Japan also owns a similar map series of 'Defense Map showing the region along the Great Wall in Shanxi 山西辺垣布陣図.' These three map series are map sets composed of map sheets, and are regarded to belong to a big group of 'volume sets of map sheets depicted along the Great Wall in Shanxi.' A complete volume set of 'map sheets depicted along the Great Wall in Shanxi' is divisible into three subsets composed of twenty map sheets: the East subset (six map sheets), the Central subset (six map sheets), and the West subset (eight map sheets). These three subsets cover the geographical region along the east line of Great Wall, the region along the central line, and the region along the west line, respectively. On some cover sheets of the three map series stored in the Museum and the University, the age of map-making and names of related executive officers are written, but not on the others. No clear data with respect to their administrative and military purposes and ways of mapping are obtained, however. We compared the mapping characteristics between map sheets of the three map series, and classified them on the basis of the similarity between their mapping patterns. Based on the comparison and classification, it seems to be possible to indicate which map series of the Palace Museum are most similar to the map series of the Kyoto University, and to clarify their chronological order and ways of mapping. 'Map of the region depicted along the Great Wall in Shanxi' of the National Palace Museum consists of eight volumes of nineteen subsets of 128 map sheets. Four volumes of the eight are composed of the East, Central and West subsets of twenty map sheets, and the rest are composed of one or two subsets. 'Map of the Shanxi Sanguan region depicted along the Great Wall' has all subsets of twenty map sheets. Five map sheets in the Central subset and two map sheets in the West subset are missing in the map series of the Kyoto University, unfortunately. We selected (i) three map sheets of 'Beilou 北樓, ' 'Yuyue and Guangwu 茹越・廣武, ' and 'Yanmen 鴈門' of the East subset, (ii) two map sheets 'Laoying 老營' and 'Pianguan 偏關, ' and (iii) a map sheet of 'Kalan 岢嵐' of the West subset. Key locations and geographic relation which we observed in the analysis are (a) Mt. Wutai 五臺山 and Wutai 五臺縣 in the map sheets of 'Beilou, ' 'Yuyue and Guangwu, ' and 'Yanmen, ' (b) Mazhan 馬站堡 and Yongxing 永興堡 in the map sheets of 'Laoying' and 'Pianguan, ' and (c) geographical relation between Kalan 岢嵐州 and Lan 嵐縣 in the map sheet of 'Kalan.' Some clear differences were identified in mapping characteristics between the map sheets depicting the same district, for example, ways of drawing and painting, sites of camps, beacons, mountains and rivers, and so on. The differences or similarity might be useful to classify the subsets, then, to arrange them in their chronological order. Based on the analysis, we recognized the following remarks: About (a), there are four types to assign the locations of Mt. Wutai and Wutai in the map sheets of 'Beilou, ' 'Yuyue and Guangwu, ' and 'Yanmen.'Type A: Mt. Wutai and Wutai are drawn in the map sheets of of 'Beilou' and/or 'Yuyue and Guangwu, ' but not in 'Yanmen.' Type A-1: Mt. Wutai is drawn at the lower left in the map sheet of 'Beilou' and Wutai at the lower left in the map sheet of 'Yuyue and Guangwu.' Type A-2: Mt. Wutai is drawn at the lower right in the map sheet of 'Beilou' and Wutai at the lower left in the map sheet of 'Yuyue and Guangwu.' Type A-3: Mt. Wutai and Wutai in the map sheet of 'Yuyue and Guangwu.' Type B: Mt. Wutai is drawn in the map sheet of 'Beilou' and Wutai in the map sheet of 'Yanmen.' Among the eight East subsets, two subsets are Type A-1, two are Type A-2, one is Type A-3, and three are Type B. About (b), there are two types, with respect to the locations of Mazhan and Yongxing drawn in the map sheets of 'Laoying' and 'Pianguan.' Type A: Mazhan and Yongxing are drawn in the map sheet of 'Laoying.' Type B: Mazhan and Yongxing are drawn in the map sheet of 'Piangua.' Of the nine West subsets, four subsets are Type A and five subsets are Type B. About (c), there are two types, with respect to the relative positions between Kalan and Lan in the map sheet of 'Kalan.'Type A: the upper side of map sheet 'Kalan' is directed to northwest. Lan faces Kalan to the right hand. Type B: the upper side of map sheet 'Kalan' is directed to northeast. Lan faces Kalan to the left hand. Of the nine West subsets, four subsets are Type A and five subsets are Type B. This result is similar to those in the examination of (b). The Analysis described in this article made it clear that: (1) the map series of the Kyoto University, 'Map of Shanxi Sanguan region depicted along the Great Wall' and one volume of 'Map of the region depicted along the Great Wall in Shanxi, ' which have the East and West subsets of map sheets, are classified to Type A in the entire examinations of (a), (b), and (c). On the other hand, the other three volumes of 'Map of the region depicted along the Great Wall in Shanxi' are classified to Type B after the examinations. (2) The map series of the Kyoto University resembles very well to the 'Map of Shanxi Sanguan region depicted along the Great Wall' stored in the National Palace Museum. They show Type A-1 in the examination of (a), and Type A in the examinations of (b) and (c). There is possibility that these two map series stored in Japan and Taiwan were made in the same period or situation.