都督制の成立

Abstract

The aim of this article is to examine the formation and significance of the du-du system 都督制 that played an important role in regional control throughout the periods of the Wei-Jin and Northern and Southern dynasties. I first explain the origins of the du-du system. Heretofore, the origins of the system have been sought in the du-du among various military regimes of the late Eastern Han. However, I confirm in this article that the type of du-du, Commander-in-chief, appointed by the Eastern-Han court had existed in an earlier period and conclude that the origins of the system should be sought there. The reason for this conclusion is that it is unnatural that nearly simultaneous creations of the previously unheard of office of du-du in several military regimes, and there must have been some sort of precedent. Since each military regime incorporated the du-du in its own fashion, there coexisted varying forms of du-du at one and the same time. Among these, it was ultimately that of the Cao Cao 曹操 regime under Cao Wei 曹魏 that survived and was carried on in the Western Jin 西晉. Thus, in considering the formation of the du-du system, it is most important to consider the du-du of the Cao Cao regime. Next, in examining the character of the du-du system of the late Eastern Han, one discovers that leading, or coordinating, numerous military units was the principle duty of the post. This duty was inherited by the du-du of the Cao Cao regime. In effect, the reason that leaders such as Cao Cao incorporated the du-du was to maintain discipline within their own regimes. Furthermore, as the regime of Cao Cao expanded, the authority of the du-du was necessarily enhanced. As the warfare between the three kingdoms settled into a three-way stalemate, as it was necessary to station large-scale forces in regional outposts. It was out of such factors that the du-du system was created. Therefore, the character of this variety of du-du can be seen to have survived fundamentally until the demise of Cao Wei. After the establishment of the du-du system, various forms of du-du, such as the Zhou du-du 州都督, Prefectural Commanders, and Zheng-tao du-du 征討都督, Expeditionary Commanders, came into existence, but each carried on the characteristics of the early du-du in some form.