墨子兵技巧諸篇小考

Abstract

Most scholars have presumed on the basis of analyses of certain terms contained in the chapters on military techniques in the Mozi that those sections of the text had been compiled within the Qin state during the Warring States period or after the Former-Han. These assumptions were advanced on the basis of analyses of the literature, but as regards the Warring States period, the only references to the Qin were abundant, and it was impossible to reach a firm conclusion. Since the 1970s, many written materials have been excavated, and conditions for the study of such written materials have improved remarkably. For instance, the Qin Code transcribed on bamboo strips excavated at Shuihudi 睡虎地 and Longgang 龍崗 townships, Yunmeng 雲夢 prefecture, Hubei demonstrates the actual condition of the Qin state from the Warring States period to the Qin period. Secondly, the thirteen chapters containing "Shoufa" 守法 and "Shouling" 守令 chapters transcribed on Han bamboo strips excavated at Yinqueshan 銀雀山 township, Linyi 臨沂 in Shandong, which contain descriptions of military techniques common to chapters on military techniques, are presumed to have been compiled in the Qi state. They demonstrate the differences between Qin and Qi during the Warring States period. Thirdly, the Han Code transcribed on bamboo strips excavated at Zhangjiashan 張家山 township, Jiangling 江陵, in Hubei shows changes from the Qin to the Han. The author attempts to elucidate the process of compilation of the chapters on military techniques on the basis of a general analysis of these newly excavated materials. In the first portion of this article, the author concludes on the basis of analyses of certain stereotyped expressions and terms found in the texts that the chapters on military techniques can be divided into four groups, i.e., group I, subdivided into chapters on Beichengmen 備城門, Beishui 備水, and Beitu 備突; group II, divided into Beigaolin 備高臨, Beiti 備梯, Beixue 備穴, and Beiyfu 備蟻傅 chapters; group III, divided into Yingdici 迎敵祠, Qizhi 旗幟, and Haoling 號令 chapters; and group IV, Zashou 雜守. In the second portion of this article, the author concludes on the basis of comparative analyses of the "Shoufa" and "Shouling" chapters and the Beichengmen and Haoling chapters that the "Shoufa" and "Shouling" chapters quote the Beichengmen and Haoling chapters and that some chapters on military techniques had already been compiled together before the compilation of the "Shoufa" and "Shouling" chapters in the Qi kingdom in the later half of the third century B.C. In the third portion of this article, the author coneludes on the basis of a comparative analysis of the Haoling chapters with the Qin Codes from Shuihudi and Longgang and the Han Code from Zhangjiashan that the Haoling chapter reflects military laws of the Qin state in the former half of the third century B.C. Additionally, the author presumes that after the chapters of group II were compiled in areas of Qi and Lu, then the chapters of group I were compiled under the influence of the chapters in group III, which had been introduced from the Qin area, and finally, group IV, the "Zashou" chapter, was compiled by rearranging the other chapters, and that at least the chapters of groups I and III had already been collected together into one text and had circulatedin Qi when the "Shoufa" and "Shouling" chapters were compiled.