唐末五代の代北におけるソグド系突厥と沙陀

Abstract

This article argues the causes of the extension of the power of the Shatuo 沙陀 who eventually established the Later Tang regime of the Five Dynasties, through an analysis of the Sogdian Turks who were active in northern China from the second half of the Tang Dynasty. The Shatuo, who settled in the northern portion of Hedong 河東 after leaving Gansu 甘肅 and crossing the Ordos early in the ninth century, were not a particularly powerful group at the time. However, with the rebellion of Huang Chao 黃巢 at the close of the Tang, the Shatuo rapidly extended their power. It has been noted that one of the causes behind the expansion was the absorption of many warriors with Sogdian names. These Sogdian warriors were the descendants of Liuzhou-Hu 六州胡, who had immigrated to Daibei 代北 in the second year of the Zhenyuan 貞元 era (786). The Liuzhou-Hu were a remnant of the Turkic people, who had been created out of the collapse of the first Eastern Turkish khanate. They were originally a Sogdian people who had submitted collectively to the Eastern Turks. Under the mutual influence of the Turks and other nomadic peoples of northern Asia, they adopted nomadic culture, acquired the techniques of equestrian archery and became a potential military force. It is in this sense that they are referred to as Sogdian Turks in this article. The Sogdian Turks appeared in Daibei in nomadic settlements called Sage 薩葛 (Suoge 索葛 and xuege 薛葛), Anqing 安慶, Jitian 鶏田, and they lived a communal nomadic existence in the Five Dynasties period. These groups responded to needs of the Shatuo dynasties such as the Later Tang 後唐 and Later Jin 後晋 by participating in the regimes as a communal group led by a chieftain. It may be surmised that they sustained the military power of the Shatuo dynasties. After the Later Jin ceded what is known as the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun 燕雲十六州 to the Khitai 契丹, the Sogdian Turks livingin the Daibei submitted to the Khitai, while others of them moved south and passed through the Yanmen 雁門 barrier seeking asylum within the Later Jin state. Following the establishment of the Song 宋 dynasty, there were also some Sogdian Turks who left Daibei seeking asylum with the Song. The Song organized these Sogdian Turks into royal guard units that were stationed in the central portion of southern Hedong as a defense against the Xixia 西夏 and the Khitai.