バハー・ウッディーン・ナクシュバンドの生涯とチャガタイ・ハン国の終焉

Abstract

The eponymous and ancestral founder of the Naqshbandiyya, a Sufi order (tariqa), was Baha' al-Din Naqshband (H.718-91), who was a Sufi spiritual master of many disciples in Bukhara in Central Asia during the 14th-century A.D .. Khalil Ata, his Turkish spiritual master who appears in Anis al Talibin wa 'Uddat al-Salikin, an hagiography of Baha' al-Din Naqshband that was written by Salah b. Mubarak Bukhari, is none other than Qadan Sultan, whom Baha' al-Din was alleged to have served as an executioner (jalladi) in Maqamat-i Amir Kulal, another hagiography written by Shihab al-Din b. bint Amir f.Hamza. Baha' al-Din served Khalil Ata for 12 years from the age of approximately 18 (circa 736), and it is clearly written that during the last six of those years he served his master, who under the name of Khalil Sultan became the ruler of Ma wara' an-Nahr. Baha' al-Din was probably a member of the group of close associates (khassa), who would even have had to carry out executions. On the basis of the number of years that Baha' al-Din served Khalil Ata and his estimated age, I employed previously underutilized studies of the coinage issued by the Chaghatay khanate to prove that this Khalil/Qadan was Qazan Sultan, the son of the rebel Yasaur, who was in practical terms the last Chaghatay Khan and who was killed in the second battle with Amir Qazaghan of Qaraunas in 747 (1346) and his reign lasted five or six years from either 741 or 742 to 747. Then, I infer the reason why that in the historical chronicles written during the Timurid dynasty the period of his rule is erroneously recorded as lasting either 12 years from 735 or 14 years from 733, and I was able to clarify that the present-day scholars who have accepted these dates have depicted a mistaken portrait of the final period of the Chaghatay khanate.