Antitumor activity of the MEK inhibitor trametinib on intestinal polyp formation in Apc[Δ716] mice involves stromal COX-2

Abstract

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase is an MAPK that is most closely associated with cell proliferation, and the MEK/ERK signaling pathway is implicated in various human cancers. Although epidermal growth factor receptor, KRAS, and BRAF are considered major targets for colon cancer treatment, the precise roles of the MEK/ERK pathway, one of their major downstream effectors, during colon cancer development remain to be determined. Using Apc[Δ716] mice, a mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis and early-stage sporadic colon cancer formation, we show that MEK/ERK signaling is activated not only in adenoma epithelial cells, but also in tumor stromal cells including fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. Eight-week treatment of Apc[Δ716] mice with trametinib, a small-molecule MEK inhibitor, significantly reduced the number of polyps in the large size class, accompanied by reduced angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. Trametinib treatment reduced the COX-2 level in Apc[Δ716] tumors in vivo and in primary culture of intestinal fibroblasts in vitro. Antibody array analysis revealed that trametinib and the COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib both reduced the level of CCL2, a chemokine known to be essential for the growth of Apc mutant polyps, in intestinal fibroblastsin vitro. Consistently, trametinib treatment reduced the Ccl2 mRNA level in Apc[Δ716] tumors in vivo. These results suggest that MEK/ERK signaling plays key roles in intestinal adenoma formation in Apc[Δ716] mice, at least in part, through COX-2 induction in tumor stromal cells.