<論説>ダヤン・カーンをめぐって : 蒙文資料の一解釈

Abstract

ダヤン・カーンは最近多くの研究者の論争の対象となった。とくに蒙文資料のダヤン・カーンの解釈からはかなり異った結論がでた。私はダヤン・カーンをめぐる人々の行動や性格を蒙文・漢文両資料を対比しながら検討した結果、蒙文資料はダヤン・カーンの妃となったマンドカイ夫人を中心に書かれたもので、その業績を讃美するあまり、史実をゆがめる説話化が行なわれたと考える。蒙文資料によるダヤン・カーンは本名をバトムンケといったとあるが、史実のバトムンケはイスマイルに擁立されてカーン位につき、マンドカイ夫人と結婚した弟のバヤンムンケ(後のダヤン・カーン) と数年間二勢力に分れて対立した。結局一四八六・八七年にマンドカイ夫人とダヤン・カーン側が勝ちをえて、一四八八年ダヤン・カーンは正式にカーン位に就任することができた。

The incomplete and conflicting nature of the available sources has led to uncertainty and even controversy over the person and career of Dayan qaɣan. Gareful comparison of the Chinese and Mongolian records, stressing personality and the significance of events rather than chronology, shows that the latter are overly centered on Dayan's consort, Manduqai qatun, and distort historical fact in glorifying her achievements. The Dayan qaɣan of the Mongolian sources would appear to corrspond to Batu möngke, but the historical Dayan qaɣan was actually the younger brother of the latter, Bayan möngke. Their father Bolqu jinong had already died during the reign of Manduqai's first husband, Manduɣul qaɣan. After the death of Manduɣul the family and its fortunes fell under the protection of Ismail, who succeeded in having Batu möngke made qaɣan. Disappointed in her hopes to marry the new ruler, the politically ambitious Manduqai settled instead for his younger brother, and for several years the two factions stood in opposition. In 1486-1487, however, Manduqai and Bayan möngke gained the upper hand, and in 1488 Bayan möngke was formally installed as Dayan qaɣan. Manduqai thus played an important part in the subsequent restoration of the fortunes of the line of Činggis; and in the attempt to glorify her contributions the Mongolian sources have glossed over her short period of eclipse, making it appear that her second marriage was to the older brother, Batu möngke, and that it was he who then became Dayan qaɣan.