<論説>華興会と光復会の成立過程

Abstract

辛亥革命運動史において、孫文・興中会派と共に、華興会派と光復会派の革命家達の果した役割は決して少なくない。本稿では組織史的視角から両会派の成立過程を統一的に分析し、両会派の組織体質の相違の解明を試みる。一九〇三年、緊迫の度を加えてきた日露間の極東軍事情勢の下で、侵略の国・ロシアといかに対決するのかとの危機感から端を発した拒俄義勇隊の運動は、軍国民教育会への改名、その組織改革・秘密結社化の中から、「洋人の朝廷」と化した清朝の打倒を目標に、華興会を中心とする革命蜂起体制を生みだす。それは、日露戦争に対する中国の革命家の先鋭な意志表示でもあった。そして、侵略の国・ロシアと対決する一方、革命の国・ロシアを発見し、ロシアのナロドニキの戦術思想の受容が行なわれる。それが、軍国民教育会の暗殺団である。しかし、華興会はナロドニキ的傾向を排する。遂に、暗殺団を母体にして光復会が発足する。

In the history of the Chinese revolutionary movements, 1900-1913, the role played by the revolutionaries of the Society for China's Revival and the Restoration Society was as important as that of Sun Yat-sen 孫文 and Hsing-chung-fui 興中会. In this article, we will analyze comprehensively the making of these societies from the viewpoint of the institutional history and try to explain the differences between the constitutions of these two societies. In 1903, under the tense situation of the Far East accelerated by the military rivalry between Japan and Russia, the movement of the Student Volunteer Corps to fight Russia (Chü-O I-yung-tui) 拒俄義勇隊 arising from the critical problem how to confront the invasive Russia has brought about the change of its name to the Society for Education of a Militant People (Chün-kuo-min Chiao-yü-hui) 軍国民教育会, the reformation of its organization and the tendency toward the secret society and finally the system of revolutionary uprising under the leadership of the Society for China's Revival for the defeat of the Ching dynasty which was supposed to be westernized. This process has also shown the acute declaration of intention of the Chinese revolutionaries against the Russo-Japanese War. On the one hand, they have confronted the invasive Russia, on the other hand, they have discovered the revolutionary Russia and have accepted the strategic thoughts of the Narodniki Movement. They have, consequently, composed the Assassination Corps (An-sha-t'uan) 暗殺団 as a subordinate organization of the Society for Education of a Militant People. But the Society for China's Revival has rejected the trend of the Narodniki Movement and at last the Restoration Society has started on the basis of the Assassination Corps.