<論説>北京大学と軍閥 : 蔡元培の改革とそれをめぐる闘争

Abstract

北京大学の前身である京師大学堂は、戊戌変法期に誕生し、 「中体西用」を教学目標とし、科挙制度の代替機関としての役割をはたした。しかし、その旧態依然たる体質は近代的大学にはほど遠いものであったため、北京大学校長に就任した蔡元培は大胆な改革を試みることになる。それは能力主義による教官任免・学科の再編・講義方法の改善などの他に、大学における学問の自由や教授会・評議会による自治という体制の確立をめざすものであった。だが、新文化運動の拠点となった北京大学に対して、一九二〇年代に入ってその自由と自治を圧殺せんとする軍閥勢力の弾圧が続く。北京大学の教職員と学生は、北京の他の学校と手を結んで、軍閥をバックに不当な教育政策の強行をはかる歴代の教育総長や教授会の自治の破壊を企図する諸法令に対して敢然と闘争を続けた。本稿はその内部分裂や挫折などの紆余曲折を経ながら展開された闘争の実態を解明したものである。

Ching Shin Ta Hsüeh T'ahg 京師大学堂, the antecedent of Peking University, was established in the Reform Movement of 1898 戊戌変法. It had the Chinese Doctrine and Western Technology 中津西用 as the educational object and played the role as the substitutive institution for imperial examination system 科挙制度. But it was far from the modern University because its constitution remained unchanged. So Tsai Yuan-pei 蔡元培, who took office as president of Peking University, tried to carry out the daring reformations : the appointment and dismis-sal of teachers according to their abilities, the reorganization of school courses and the improvement of lectures. Above all, he aimed at the freedom of learning and the establishment of autonomy by a faculty meeting and council. But in the 1920s the warlords began to bring pressure on the Peking University which was the base of the New Culture Movement 新文化運動. The teaching and administrative staffs and the students of Peking University, joining hands with those of other schools in Peking, continued bravely to resist tht various ordinances, which designed to destroy the autonomy of a faculty meeting, and the oppressions by the superintendents of education who tried to enforce the unjust policies with the help of the warlords. In this article, I would try to clarify their resistance in detail which experienced various processes, for instance, the inside disunion and the breakdown.