<論説>春秋斉霸考

Abstract

盟主たる晋に中原諸侯が従属する春秋中期の政治構造は、その継続性より「覇者体制」と称しうる。「覇者体制」前史として春秋初期を考察する場合問題となるのは、斉桓公の覇業を、中期の「覇者体制」との関連において如何に理解するかということであるが、従来の研究では、斉桓公と「覇者体制」の発端となった晋文公を春秋初・中期の歴史的文脈において通時的に扱う視点が欠落している。また、斉桓公の覇業は、斉荘公・僖公において先駆的に成立していた「小伯」を継受した、東遷期以降の一般的政情に条件付けられたものである。筆者は別稿で、東遷期の政治過程を王朝の動向を中心に整理したが、つづく春秋初期における王朝の動向、そして覇者との関係を扱った研究は認められない。覇者を王朝との関連において評価する視点は、覇者の歴史的実像のみならず、王朝という共通の視座によって、西周晩期―春秋初期政治過程一般についての通時的展望を獲得するための有効な端緒ともなろう。かかる観点に立ち、本稿は、春秋初期中原の政治過程をより具体的に再確認しつつ、第一章では、斉僖公・襄公の「小伯」の構造を、王朝との関係に焦点をあてて解明し、第二章では、斉桓公と王朝の関係、および斉桓公の政治的志向を解明する。本稿の作業により、「覇者体制」分析のための基本的視座が獲得されるであろう。

The political structure of the middle Spring and Autumn period when the states of the Central Plain subdued the Jin 晋 state, the leader of the treaty, can be called the "Hegemonian Regime" because of its continuity. When we study the early Spring and Autumn period that preceded the "Hegemonian Regime", we must appreciated the hegemony of Huan-gong 桓公 of the Qi 斉 state with relation to the "Hegemonian Regime". However the relationship between the hegemony of Huan-gong and that of Wen-gong 文公 of the Jin state, who established the "Hegemonian Regime", as diachronic things in the historical context of the early to the middle Spring and Autumn period, has not been explored. In addition, we must not forget that the hegemony of Huan-gong succeeded the Xiao-pa 小伯 or the "minor hegemony" preliminarily established by Zhuang-gong 荘公 and Xi-gong 僖公 of the Qi state, and that it was preconditioned by the general political circumstances after the eastward-transfer era. In another article, the author reconstructed the political process of the eastward-transfer era, bringing the trends of the Zhou dynasty into focus. However, concerning the early Spring and Autumn period, neither the trends of the dynasty nor the relationship between the dynasty and the hegemony have ever been analized sufficiently. The idea to consider the hegemony in relation to the dynasty can offer not only a more realistic historical image of the hegemony, but also an effective clue to understand diachronically the general political process from the later western Zhou period to the early Spring and Autumn period. Thus, in the first part of this article, the author attempts to make clear the structure of the "minor hegemony" with relation to the dynasty. In the second part, he clarify the relation between Huan-gong and the dynasty and the political aims of Huan-gong. These attempts will offer a basic standpoint from which to analize the "Hegemonian Regime".