<論説>中国共産党の党内民主主義 : 一九二〇年代の党内論争を中心に

Abstract

一九二〇年代、中国共産党の最初の一〇年間は、はげしい党内論争が繰り返された時代でもあった。当初、中国共産党の党規約は中央集権的色彩の濃いものであり、ボリシェヴィキの「民主主義的中央集権制」は組織原理として導入されてはいなかった。だが、多くの理論家たちからなっていた中国共産党の指導老たちは、草命の理論を追求しつつ、党の路線や政策を論争によって決定づけたのであって、全国大会や中央委員会総会は民主主義的な意思決定の場の役割を果していた。さらに二〇年代末の一時期は、民主集中制が導入され、党機関誌を舞台に党員大衆に開かれた公開論争が行われたように、党内民主主義はもっとも機能していた。しかし一九三〇年代にはいると、論争は機関誌からも、中央委員会総会などの会議の場からも姿を消す。党内民主主義の喪失＝中国共産党の「一枚岩」化の過程は、四〇年代の毛沢東の最高指導権掌握で完結する。

The 1920s, the first ten years of the history of the Chinese Communist Party, is a period of repeated and ferocious dispute. The rules of the party tended to be highly centralistic, and Bolshevic "Democratic Centralism " was not introduced as the principle of organisation. However, since the leaders of the CCP, which had begum as an intellectuals' party, pursued theories of revolution and, following much argument, decided on party policy, the national congress and central committee's plenary session functioned as the place where the democratic will was decided. For the few years after 1927, with the Official adoption of "Democratic Centralism" and the opportunity for ordinary party members to participate in debates in party journals, the CCP enjoyed its period of greatest democratic activity. However, in the 1930s the CCP became much more monolithic : minority groups which opposed the party center were expelled, and party members suspected of holding contrary ideas were subjected to "self-criticism". These changes in the nature of the CCP were achived as a result of the power gained by Mao Zedong by the 1940s. Three other factors which contributed to these changes were : (1) the severity of the situation produced by the underground straggle and the war ; (2) the permeation of Stalinism ; (3) the loss of position within the party of many of the theorists who had formed its early leadership.