<論説>南北朝期室町幕府仁政方の研究

Abstract

恩賞充行政策は、将軍の主従制的支配権の根幹で、かつ、南北朝初期室町幕府の最も重要な政策課題であり、恩賞充行の将軍下文には、執事施行状が付されて恩賞の実現に大いに貢献した。本稿では、執事施行状の発給機関が、室町幕府追加法第七条等の検討によって仁政方であることを論証し、併せて仁政方が、南北朝全期にわたって施行状を含む執事奉書一般を発給する、将軍管轄下の執事の機関である事実を考証した。 また、追加七条は、足利直義が執事施行状の発給を停止し、自己の管轄機関である引付方で下文の執行を行うことを定めた法令であり、ここに直義と執事高師直の対立が窺え、さらにこの抗争の根底には、恩賞充行の実現をめぐって、鎌倉幕府以来の伝統的な評定―引付体制を堅持するか、守護に遵行を命じる下文施行システムを発展させて、将来的に管領制度を確立させるかといった幕府内部の政策対立が存在したことを論じた。

The policy of bestowing rewards by the authority of the bakufu was a central pillar of the shogun's authority over his retainers, and had been the most important policy issue facing the Muromachi bakufu since early in the Nanbokucho period. After a shogunal order to bestow a reward had been issued, a decree from the deputy head of the shogun's office, shitsuji shigyojo, was attached to it, guaranteeing that the bestowal was carried out. In this article, I verify the fact that the organ of government issuing such decrees was the Jinseigata (Office of Benevolent Rule) on the basis of an examination of the 7th amendment of the supplementary ordinances of the Muromachi bakufu and also demonstrate that throughout the Nanbokucho period the Jinseigata ordinarily issued shitsuji hosho (documents that acknowledged the receipt of an order and that it would be carried out), which included the shigyojo, and also prove that the Jinseigata served as the organ of the Shitsuji in the shogun's administration. Additionally, I propose that in the 7th amendment of the supplementary ordinances, which was the law by which Ashikaga Tadayoshi abolished the issuance of shitsuji shigyojo and determined that orders would be carried out by the investigative office, Hikitsukegata, which was under his direct jurisdiction, we can glimpse the conflict between Tadayoshi and Ko no Moronao, the Shitsuji for Shogun Ashikaga Takauji. Moreover, at the base of the conflict between Tadayoshi and Moronao, I have verified the existence of conflicting policies over how to carry out the rewards policy exercised by Takauji-whether the Muromachi bakufu should strictly preserve the traditional system of hyojo and hikitsuke (board of councilors and co-adjudicators), which could be traced back to the time of the Kamakura bakufu, or to develop a system in which orders demanding obedience to the shugo, provincial military governors, were issued in order to establish a forward-looking system of territorial management.