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タイトル: <論説>ペルシア語文化圏における十二支の年始変容について : ティムール朝十二支考
その他のタイトル: <Articles>The Modification of the Twelve-animal Cycle in the Cultural Sphere of Literary Persian : A Consideration of the Twelve-animal Cycle of the Timurid Period
著者: 諫早, 庸一  KAKEN_name
著者名の別形: ISAHAYA, Yoichi
発行日: 31-May-2008
出版者: 史学研究会 (京都大学大学院文学研究科内)
誌名: 史林
巻: 91
号: 3
開始ページ: 496
終了ページ: 527
抄録: 十三世紀初頭のモンゴル侵入は、ペルシア語文化圏に甚大な影響をもたらした。一方で侵入者がこの文化圏に特有のイラン的要素から受けた影響もまた大きい。こうしたテュルク・モンゴルとイランとの相互作用を十二支という「とき」から検討する。この世界における十二支は当初、中国暦の年始である立春から始まっていた。しかし十二支の始まりはやがて、当時は春分にあたっていたイランの「とき」の始まりであるノウルーズへと移動する。年始変容の所以は、ティムール朝期にイランの行政官たちが、支配者であるテュルク・モンゴルの十二支を、自らが徴税に用いていたハーン暦と同じ春分年始のものとして理解したことにあった。テュルク・モンゴルの「とき」であった十二支は、イランの「とき」の始まりと結びつき、広くペルシア語文化圏の人々の「とき」となっていく。この事実は、両者が係わり合ったティムール朝の行政構造が、文化接触に果たした役割を物語る。
The Mongol invasion of early thirteenth century had an enormous impact on the cultural sphere of literary Persian. This impact ranged over various realms, from the political to the cultural However, the Turko-Mongolian invaders were also influenced by Iranian elements characteristic of this sphere. Therefore, the interaction between Turko-Mongols and Iranians has been regarded as a crucial factor in the consideration of the history of this sphere after the Mongol invasion. This paper examines the conflation of Turko-Mongolian and Iranian elements from the standpoint of time measurements, and the focus of this paper is the twelve-animal cycle. Due to the conflation of Turko-Mongolian and Iranian elements, time measurements in this sphere were modified. This fact is embodied most clearly in the twelve-animal cycle. The twelve-animal cycle had first been used to represent years in the Mongol imperial calendar, which was based on the Chinese calendrical system (animal years). Therefore, the beginning of each animal year fell on Li-chun (立春), which marks the start of the year in the Chinese calendar. However, the start of animal years was moved to align with Nawruz, the beginning of the Iranian year, which was fixed to the Vernal Equinox at that time. By tracing the process of this modification and examining this factor, we can elucidate one aspect of the interaction between Turko-Mongols and Iranians. From previous studies, we know that the animal years of the Timurid period (1370-1507), during which the conflation of Turko-Mongolian and Iranian elements is found in its most characteristic form, are important for exploring this modification. Surveying animal years in Timurid sources, we can conclude that the nature of the animal years of the reign of Timer (1370-1405), the founder of the dynasty, differs from that during and after the reign of Sahrux (1409-1507), his de facto successor. By taking animal years usually written alongside Hijri dates from narrative histories of the reign of Timur and converting both into the equivalent Christian dates, we can investigate whether the start of the animal years of the reign of Timur fell on Li-chun or the Vernal Equinox; as a result we see that in nearly every source the Hijri dates and animal years do not correspond perfectly, but only in the Zafar-nama, compiled by Saraf al-Din 'Ali Yazdi, are there no mistakes if the conversion to animal years is assumed to have begun on Li-chun. The dates of Yazdi's Zafar-nama, in which animal years began on Li-chun, are accurate, and animal years beginning on the Vernal Equinox do not appear in other sources from this period. From these facts, it can be seen that animal years in narrative histories during the reign of Timur began on Li-chun. A consideration of the animal years from the reign of Sahrux onward makes clear that the nature of animal years of this period differs from that of the previous period and provides valuable information on this modification. In the animal years of this period, there are two points that can help us understand the reason behind this modification. First of all Ibn Sihab, the author of Jami' al-Tawarix-i Hasani , which was written after the death of Sahrux, and in which the animal year is used more frequently than in the other sources of the period, clearly mentioned that the animal year began on the Vernal Equinox. Secondly, the animal years of this period sometimes appeared as the financial year in connection with the word mal, or the land tax. Taking into account these two points, we can infer that there was a change and the animal years of this period began on the Vernal Equinox and financial matters influenced this modification. The connection of animal years with financial matters is found in documents; concretely in decrees issued in the name of the rulers of the Timurid period. The Turko-Mongolian rulers used animal years in decrees concerning taxation, while Iranian bureaucrats collected taxes according to the Xani calendar in which the year began on the Vernal Equinox. This is, the fact, the reason that the start of the twelve-animal cycle was modified. As the situation continued, Iranian bureaucrats gradually "realized" that animal years began on the Vernal Equinox when tax collection was actually started. This understanding was first reflected Jami' al-Tawarix-i Hasani written by a member of the diwan of the dynasty, With the diffusion of the celebration of Nawruz among the Turko-Mongols, the animal years were thereafter regarded as marking the beginning of the year on the Vernal Equinox among all people in the cultural sphere of literary Persian. The twelve-animal cycle introduced by Turko-Mongols was Linked with the start of the Iranian year and thereby became the measure of time of the people of in the cultural sphere of literary Persian, regardless of ethnic origin, whether Turko-Mongol or Iranian. This fact reveals that the structure of the Timurid administration in which Turko-Mongols and Iranians interacted with each other played a vital role cross-cultural contact between them.
DOI: 10.14989/shirin_91_496
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2433/240010
出現コレクション:91巻3号

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