<論説>鎌倉時代の村落結合 : 丹波国大山荘一井谷

Abstract

中世の丹波国多紀郡大山荘一井谷の耕地は谷の中程にある法師丸池を境に奥耕地と里方耕地にわかれ、前者が排水の便のととのわない劣悪耕地であったのに対し、後者は法師丸池を中心にして村落的規模で灌排水の条件がととのえられた中世における先進的な安定耕地であった。この池の管理を基軸に鎌倉時代の一井谷には「をとなさた人」らを中心とする「むら」共同体が存在し、この村落結合を背景にして、百姓等は文保二年に東寺の預所支配を廃絶させ、この地に年貢の百姓請を成立させた。この百姓請の成立にともない、この谷の年貢は従来の六〇%に引き下げられ、百姓等は彼等自身の手で実検をとげ、百姓一人一人が署判を加えるという異例の実検注文を作成した。また一井谷の百姓等は相当の武力を保持し、内外の敵と戦鬪をまじえ、他所からの傭兵を組織して彼等の村落を保持しようとしていた。しかし、荘園領主権と対決するとき彼等の内部にもまた、予想外の脆弱さが存在していた。

The cultivated land, in Ichiidani 一井谷, Oyamanoshô 大山荘, Tamba 丹波 country, in the Middle Ages, was divided into two sections, the Oku 奥 land and Satokata 里方 land by the Hoshimaru 法師丸 Pond as a boundary which was situated in the middle of the valley; the former land was a very bad cultivated land without irrigation, but the latter a stable progressive one with the village-wide irrigation around the Hoshimaru Pond. Based on the management of the pond, there existed "Mura" むら community chiefly consisted of "Otonasatanin" をとなさた人 in Ichiidani of the Kamakura 鎌倉 era. As a background of this village combination, peasants made extinct the Azukaridokoro 預所 control of the Toji 東寺 in Bumpo 文保 2, and peasant-contract of rent 百姓請 established here. Along with the establishment of this peasant-contract, the rent in this valley was discounted to 60 percent of the former payment; the peasants made exceptional inspection paper 実検注文 after inspecting for themselves, signing and sealing each other; or they, having kept a considerable army force, fought the inside or outside enemy, and tried to keep their village safe by organizing subsidary troops from outer world. But when they had to stand against the power of manorial lords, there was also an unexpectedly weak point in them.