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Title: DNA祖先検査は人種差別主義者のイデオロギーの偽りを暴露できるか?
Other Titles: Les tests ADN peuvent-ils démystifier Jes idéologies racistes?
Authors: エイブル, サラ  KAKEN_name
門田, 健一  KAKEN_name
太田, 博樹  KAKEN_name
Author's alias: Abel, Sarah
Keywords: DNA祖先テスト
人種
アイデンティティ
客観性
人種差別
test d'ascendance ADN
race
identité
objectivité
racisme
Issue Date: 25-Dec-2019
Publisher: 京都大學人文科學研究所
Journal title: 人文學報
Volume: 114
Start page: 33
End page: 71
Abstract: 過去20年に祖先DNA検査を実施するグローバル産業が登場した。祖先DNA検査は、遺伝学が、「純粋な人種」の存在を信奉する人種差別主義的イデオロギーを脱構築する手段として、さらには植民地的・人種的支配によって抑圧されてきた民族的アイデンティティを再構築する手段としても有効である--それゆえ、抑圧されたマイノリティのアイデンティティを構築する上で重要な役割を果たせる--という認識を広めてきた。この二重の有用性は, いくつかのジレンマをもたらした。とりわけ, 客観性に支えられているDNAデータが個人のアイデンティティに対する矛盾を孕んだ複数の解釈を支持するように見える場合, さらにはDNAデータの正統な使用と誤用との区別に関わる場合, このジレンマは際立つことになる。本稿は次の二つの主な手法でこうした問題を検討する。第一に、DNA祖先データの解釈が, 解釈者が置かれるイデオロギー的・倫理的文脈に応じて変化することを示す。第二に, 利用者によるアイデンティティの個人的探求への対応力を高めるため, このテクノロジーを適用せんとする科学者の研究を分析する。これらの分析を通して, 祖先検査がもたらす情報は, それが発展・流通する文化的・政治的文脈に影響されるために, 人種差別主義的イデオロギーの正体を暴露することに貢献するとは限らないことが明らかにされるであろう。
Ces deux dernières décennies ont vu l'émergence d'une industrie globale de tests ADN d'ancestralité. Ces tests ont alimenté la perception publique de la génétique comme un moyen efficace pour déconstruire des idéologies racistes qui croient à l'existence de <<races pures>>, aussi bien que pour reconstruire les identités ethniques effacées par des régimes coloniaux et raciaux, jouant ainsi un rôle important dans les processus de construction identitaire des minorités opprimées. Or, cette double utilité a fait surgir des dilemmes, notamment lorsque les données ADN, objectives à la base, semblent soutenir des interprétations contradictoires sur l'identité d'un individu, mais aussi en ce qui concerne la distinction entre un usage légitime de ces données et un abus de la génétique. Cet article s'interroge sur ces questions en deux axes principaux : premièrement, en montrant la manière dont l'interprétation des données ADN d'ancestralité change selon l'agenda idéologique et éthique des interpréteurs ; et deuxièmement, en analysant le travail mené par les scientifiques pour adapter ces technologies afin de mieux répondre aux quêtes identitaires personnalisées des usagers. Nous pouvons donc constater que l'information produite par les tests d'ancestralité ne sert pas nécessairement à démystifier les idéologies racistes à cause de sa susceptibilité d'être façonnée par les contextes culturels et politiques dans lesquels elle est développée et distribuée.
Description: 特集 : 人種主義と反人種主義の越境と転換
Special Issue: Transformation of Racism and Anti-Racism Across Borders
門田健一 訳, 太田博樹 監訳
DOI: 10.14989/252453
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/2433/252453
Appears in Collections:第114号 <特集 : 人種主義と反人種主義の越境と転換>
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