<論文>カンボジアにおける集約型住民林業区の土地利用動態と要因分析からの教訓 --台地･丘陵地帯のゴム園と小規模畑作地拡大域を事例として--

Abstract

本稿ではカンボジアを例に, 集約管理型コミュニティ林業 (以下, CF) 導入･普及の試みが発展途上国の台地･丘陵地帯で直面しうる問題と, その現実的な対策について解明･論述する. 具体的には一地方内の複数のCF区域と各周辺域の土地利用動態, それらの差違の要因, 以上の点から汲み取れる施策上の示唆点を記す. カンボジアでは大規模森林伐採権制度停止後, 国土の11％をCF域とする方針が出された. だが, 森林維持群と耕地拡大群という, 好対照なCF区域が狭い範囲内に出現していた. 特に後者には政府の新たな土地コンセッション発行に基づくゴム園の拡大と, 農民による商品農作物栽培地の拡大とが直接･間接に影響していた. 以上の対照的なCF区域出現の背景として, 村ごとで異なった余剰可耕地の大小と, 新参者の耕地化の動きが重要だった. そこで今後, 森林維持群を増やすためには, 1)CF区域の取捨選択に当たり, CF以外の土地利用政策と農林業の動向, それらに由来する土地需要の変化を踏まえた, 中期的で広範な分析に基づく判断と, 2)CF区域での新参者の耕地化に, 元からいる村人らが追随しないようにする効果的な支援が肝要だと言える.

This article examines the problems involved in the efforts of developing countries to introduce and establish Community Forestry(hereinafter referred to as CF)in upland regions based on an intensive management type, and practical measures to address the problems, focusing on Cambodian cases. Specifically, two implications for countermeasures are described after considering land use changes inside and outside some CF areas in one district, and the important factors giving rise to different patterns emerging within each CF area. The Cambodian government announced the allocation of 11% of national land for CF areas after suspending the large-scale timber concession system. However, two opposite types of CF areas appeared in the small district: forest-preserving and agricultural-land-expanding types. The latter was directly or indirectly related to the expansion of rubber plantations based on new land concessions issued by the government and farmers' agricultural lands for commercial crops. Those opposite types stemmed from two underlying causes: the surplus space for new agricultural land differed in each village ; and land clearance by new immigrants from other regions. Two important ways to increase the percentage of forest-preserving type are : 1)to identify nominated CF areas that conform with judgements based on medium-term and regional analysis including the following requisites : land use policies other than CF-related policies, local trends in agriculture and forestry, and the information regarding transformation of land demand arising from these factors ; and 2)to effectively support potential problematic villages so that villagers do not follow the conduct of immigrants who reclaim CF areas.