毛沢東時代の読書規範 --政治文化の連続性に着目して--

Abstract

『人民日報』の言説分析をもとにして、政治文化の連続性という観点から、毛沢東時代(1949-1976)の中国における読書規範を検討する。文化大革命期は一般的に読書が制約された時期として捉えられがちであるが、実際には読書は積極的に奨励されており、「いかに読むか」という規範の内実こそを見る必要がある。分析の結果、政治的有用性に適う本のみを実践と結び付ける形で読むことを求める1930 年代の道具的読書観が継承されていること、その副作用としてあるはずの「読書無用」の主張は政治的敵対勢力に帰せられたこと、イデオロギーとしては否定されていた伝統社会の道徳が読書奨励の規範として援用されたことが明らかになった。このことは文革の前後を問わず一貫しており、しかも改革開放後になっても文革を読書の暗黒期として総括することで、道具的読書観に基づいて読書を促す宣伝活動が行われ続けた。

This paper discusses the code of reading practice in Maoist China (1949 – 1976) from the perspective of the continuity of political culture, based on discourse analysis of People's Daily. It is often regarded that reading was severely restricted during the Cultural Revolution, but people were actually encouraged to read at this time. Therefore, the question to be addressed is the official code of how to read. The analysis yielded the following three findings. First, the regime succeeded in the instrumental view of reading in the 1930s, which asked readers only to read politically useful books. Second, the claim that "reading has no use, " which was originally a secondary effect of the above-mentioned idea, was assigned to political enemies. Third, although traditional morals were denied ideologically, they were utilized to encourage reading practice. This code was consistent before, during, and even after the Cultural Revolution. By simply denigrating the preceding period as the dark age of reading, a propaganda campaign to encourage reading based on the instrumental view was implemented in the 1980s.