<論説>豊国大明神の近世～近代 (特集 : まつり)

Abstract

慶長四年（一五九七）、豊国大明神（豊臣秀吉）を祀るために京都東山に創建された豊国社は、豊臣家の滅亡後、元和元年（一六一五）に破却された。天明五年（一七八五）、その跡地にある新日吉社内に樹下社が創建され、豊国大明神の祭祀が復活する。樹下社を会場とした秀吉ゆかりの品々の開帳では、当時の太閤記物の人気もあり盛況であった。ここでは豊国大明神は開運を叶える神とされる。しかし、後期水戸学など国学諸派のなかで、聚楽第行幸や朝鮮出兵が秀吉の勤王の表れだと考えられるようになった。そうした思想が、慶応四年（一八六八）の豊国神社再興の沙汰にも影響を与え、秀吉が、天皇に忠誠を誓い海外へその威光を知らしめた人民の亀鑑とされたる流れに繫がる。なおその沙汰では、豊国神社を大坂に再興する旨が書かれていたが、元来豊国社があった京都で大坂遷座に対する反対運動がおこり、最終的に京都に豊国神社が再興され、豊国廟が整えられた。

Toyokuni Shrine, which was built in the Higashiyama area of Kyoto in 1597 to enshrine Toyokuni Daimyōjin (Toyotomi Hideyoshi), was destroyed in 1615 after the fall of the Toyotomi family. In 1665, a request was submitted to the Edo shogunate for the restoration of Toyokuni Shrine. It was granted, but the permission was later revoked when a letter stating Ieyasu's intention to have Myōhōin manage the site was discovered. This shows that the Edo shogunate believed that even if Toyokuni Shrine was revived, it would not pose a political threat. Then, in 1785, with the discovery of the sacred body 神体 of Toyokuni Daimyōjin inside the grounds of Ima-Hie Shrine, which was located on the site of the original Toyokuni Shrine, Konomoto Shrine 樹下社 was founded and the rituals for Toyokuni Daimyōjin were revived. In the exhibition of items related to Hideyoshi, held at Konomoto Shrine, was a great success due to the popularity of the Taikōki at the time. Here, Toyokuni Daimyōjin was said to be the god that grants wishes and bestows good fortune. However, in the later Mito-gaku and other schools of Kokugaku thought, the imperial progress to the Jurakudai and the dispatch of troops to Korea came to be considered as manifestations of Hideyoshi's loyalty to the throne. I also confirmed that people who were at the center of the new government and had influence on the policy of rituals were also influenced by these ideas. Such ideas influenced the drive to restore Toyokuni Shrine in 1868, and led to Hideyoshi being regarded as an exemplar of the people who pledged allegiance to the emperor and made his glory known overseas. The drive included a written report stating that Toyokuni Shrine would be rebuilt in Osaka, but a movement opposed to the relocation to Osaka arose in Kyoto, where Toyokuni Shrine was originally located. This is deeply related to the situation in Kyoto where a sense of crisis over the deterioration of the city after the capital was moved to Tokyo prevailed. It was probably hoped that the restoration of Toyokuni Shrine would revitalize Kyoto's economy and culture. As the search for a new shrine site progressed in Osaka, representatives from Kyoto continued to request that the Ministry of Education rescind the move to Osaka and revive the shrine in Kyoto. In 1875, it was decided to revive the shrine in Kyoto because the location of the original mausoleum was clearly known, and a grand groundbreaking was held the following year. On the other hand, the Konomoto Shrine within Ima-Hie Shrine had to be relocated to make way for the path leading to Hideyoshi's mausoleum, and it was kept separate from the rituals at Toyokuni Shrine. It can be surmised that the reason why the land around Mt. Amidamine in Higashiyama was recognized by the government and the people of Kyoto as the most suitable site for Toyokuni Daimyōjin's mausoleum and shrine is that it was the historic location of the mausoleum, and early-modern events prevented it from fading from memory, such as the existence of Hōkōji Temple, the popularity of the Taikōki and the establishment of Konomoto Shrine. Meanwhile, a separate shrine was built in Osaka in 1879, and people who wished to commemorate Hideyoshi remained active, leading to the later reconstruction of Osaka Castle. Hideyoshi served as a role model for the people, but this was only possible because of his image as a deity who granted success in life, which had existed since early modern times, and the popularization of his image through works such as the Taikōki.