<論文>マスジドの壁面に残された勅令

Abstract

V. V. Bartol'd (W. Barthold, 1870-1930), a renowned Russian Orientalist, published a monograph in 1911 that examined the stone inscription in the Manuche Mosque in the Ani ruin. This work deals with Abū Saʻīd Bahādur Khān's (r. 1317-35) edict regarding taxation in Ani, which is situated on the Turkish-Armenian border (the inscription is either non-existent or has been lost). Several corrections are required to update detailed interpretations of the taxation-specific terms used in the Mongol era. However, its contents are now useful. As an homage to Bartol'd's monumental work, the author of this article presented and analyzed eight additional stone inscriptions found on the walls of mosques and mausoleum in Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Iran. Currently, these can be observed at the following locations: Baku (Persian, n.d. Öljäytü's period), Ankara (Persian, 1329/30, partly worn out and unreadable), Niğde (Anatolia, Persian, 1335/6, 1469/70), Ardabīl (Persian, 1471/2, with the latter half being severely worn and unreadable), Ardahār (Central Iran, Mausoleum of Sulṭān ʻAlī, Persian, 1487/8), Ordubad (Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan, Persian, 1604), and Erzurum (Ottoman Turkish, May 21, 1670). The inscriptions in question document the content of yarlīgh and ḥukm concerning various tax exemptions. These edicts were issued by the rulers of the Ilkhanids (Baku-Öljäytü, Ankara-Abū Saʻīd), post-Mongoll ocal rulers (Niğde-Sunqur Āghā), the Qaramanids (Niğde-Pīr A[h]mad & Qāsim), the Aq-qoyunlu (Ardabīl-Uzun Ḥasan, Ardahār-Yūsuf Mīrzā), the Safavids (Ordubad-Shāh ʻAbbās I), and the Ottomans (Erzurum-Muḥammad IV). The author posits that the rulers issued these inscriptions by following the pattern established by Ilkhanid Ghāzān's royal edict on tax reform in 1304. Bartol'd's analysis of Ghāzān's directive regarding the production of inscriptions in cities and villages within Ilkhanid territory was accurate. Notably, the final portions of six inscriptions, except for those of Ardabīl and Ordubad, bear the divine curse phrases in Arabic, Persian, and (specifically in Erzurum) Ottoman Turkish. These curse phrases are directed at the individualwho violates the tax-exemption instructions recorded in each inscription. So far, the author has not located the inscriptions concerning tax exemption from the 16ᵗʰ century; however, there is a high possibility that such a discovery will soon be made.