Seasonal Variations in Time Use, Food Security, and Health Outcomes among Women in Rural Malawi

Abstract

The seasonal nature of agriculture poses significant challenges to rural women in sub-Saharan Africa, affecting their ability to manage their health and balance farm and domestic work across periods. However, empirical evidence on these issues remains limited despite their importance. This study investigates seasonal variations in time use, anthropometric measures, and food security among female caregivers in 300 farm households in rural Malawi using panel data collected at four points during the 2022/2023 agricultural season. The results reveal that women’s work hours increase during the lean season, reducing leisure time, whereas time spent on household chores remains consistent. Seasonal fluctuations in food security correspond to deteriorating women’s nutritional outcomes, as measured by mid-upper arm circumference. Seasonal variations in women’s body weight suggest additional influences beyond time use, disease, and food security. These findings underscore the ongoing threat of seasonality to female Malawian farmers.