古代中国語の指示詞とその文法化について

Abstract

The author first discusses how the copula 'shi (是)' was grammaticalized from the demonstrative 'shi (是)' of archaic Chinese. In the process of the grammaticalization the sentence pattern of 'shi (是)' (as the subject & the topic) + (the predicate & the comment) 也] is the syntactic source, and another source from the semantic domain involves the usage of 'shi (是) (as the predicate & the comment)' to mean correct. The author proposes that in the process of grammaticalazation from a demonstrative to a copula we usually see the anaphoric function deteriorate and the presentational function predominate over the anaphoric function. Finally the predicative function is acquired. We find the first usage of the copula 'shi (是)' in the Analects of Confucius (論語). Secondly, the author hypothesizes concerning the system of demonstratives in ancient Chinese hieroglyphic characters left on bone and tortoise carapaces (甲骨文字) and in archaic Chinese, taking up the following four points: 1) In ancient Chinese hieroglyphic characters left on bone and tortoise carapaces (甲骨文字), the copula '叀 ･ 隹' was used. 2) The copula '叀 ･ 隹' used to be a proximal demonstrative. 3) While the negative meaning of the proximal demonstrative '隹' = '不隹' was the distal demonstrative '匪 (非) ･ 彼', in the semantic domain, the negative meaning of the copula '隹' was the negative copula '匪 (非)'. 4) The proximal demonstratives '隹 ･ 是 ･ 此' in archaic Chinese were used in indicating the antecedent concerning the first person, and the distal demonstratives '匪 ･ 彼 ･ 其' were used in indicating the antecedent concerning the non-first person.