中國近代敎員史研究序説 : 一九二〇年代の中國における初等敎育の組合運動をめぐって

Abstract

Elementary school teachers in China in the 1920s, though with low salaries and no guarantees of their status, were pressed by the heavy work load in their schools. Influenced by the May Fourth Movement, they formed federations equivalent to teachers' unions in all parts of the country. The goals of their movement comprised both career training through e.g. the practice of joint research, and economic goals such as salary raises and the cessation of the delaying of the allocation of government funds for education. The movement initiated by the elementary school teachers' unions was for the most part occupied by economic struggle and especially in Beijing and Fujian the movement developed accompanied by waves of tension. The opposition to the qualification screening of teachers in 1923 resulted in their winning concessions from the authorities, ending as it did in what may be called a detailed revision of the relevant regulations. A complete transformation of this kind of teachers' movement came after the coup d'etat on April 12th, 1927. Chiefly the teachers' unions in the vicinity of Shanghai advocated a form of education based on the Three Principles of the People, and they collaborated with the educational policies of Chiang Kai-shek, expelling teachers from their midst who leaned towards communism. But even after the power basis of the KMT had been established, the problem of the lack of funds for educational purposes was not solved, and thus the teachers' unions reverted from political struggle to economic struggle. In a political environment where only a teachers' movement using lawful means was tolerated, on the one hand a restructuring of the teachers' organizations from above took place, and on the other hand the groups that organized themselves according to communist principles went underground and continued their struggle for reforms. The unions of the elementary school teachers were mainly organized locally according to province, county or city, but they also fought together with the organization of teachers at schools of higher grade and the federation of schoolmasters, thus endeavoring to supplement their insufficient strength.