淸朝治下のオロンチョン・ニル編成とブトハ社會の側面

Abstract

As an integral part of my study of the society of the niru, the companies and their commanders, of the Eight Banners, jakun gusa, of the Qing Dynasty, I take up in this article the niru of the Oroncon, who belonged to the jakun jalan 八圍, a unit of the Eight Banners, and were part of butha society, i.e., a society whose main occupation was hunting. While attempting to consider the origins of their formation and the process and of their incorporation into the Eight Banners, I have made clear the following points by focusing my analysis more specifically on the social structure of the Bannermen and the problems the society faced from the point of view the relationships of anda (friendship) and tribute game 貢貂. First, in early Qing times, the Solon with whom the Oroncon were included, were first considered by the Qing authorities as Outer Bannermen (dergi golo), and they were designated as being in the same jurisdiction as the Mongols, that of the Eastern Barbarians, from early Qing to the thirtieth year of the Kang-xi era.The jakun jalan which was subsequently composed of the Solon, Dagur, and Oroncon tribes after the twenty-ninth year of the Kang-xi era, had originally been under the jurisdiction of the Court of Colonial Affairs 理藩院, but from the thirtieth year of the era, jurisdiction was clearly transferred to the General of Hei long Jiang 黒龍江 (Sahaliyan-ula). Then, I demonstrate that the establishment of the jakun jalan was conducted with the aim of concentrating direct control of the tribes who had originally lived scattered along the Hei long Jiang region, as a part of the Qing policy of military preparedness in the Hei long Jiang region and of consolidation of its borders. Next, I argue that when the jakun jalan were awarded a banner color in the tenth year of the Yong-zheng era, the niru of the Oroncon of the butha society were thereby incorporated into the Bannermen. I also make clear that as a result, these butha people were divided into two groups, those of the Provincial Bannermen whose fifty companies moved to Hulun Buir and those of the fifty-eight companies who remained in their homeland. Finally, I take up and examine the relationships of tribute game and anda (friendship) that was a part of butha society of the Oroncon niru and make clear the role that each played in the relationship to the Qing dynasty.