｢サキャパ時代」から「パクモドゥパ時代」へ --チベット語典籍史料における記述の変遷をめぐって--

Abstract

The historical consensus is that the 13[th]-14[th] century, the age of Mongol hegemony in Tibet and most of Eurasia, was the period of transition from the Sa skya pa to the Phag mo gru pa. However, how was this perception formed among Tibetans? This paper aims to clarify the evolution of Tibetan perception of the Sa skya pa period and the Phag mo gru pa period by comparing Tibetan historical sources composed in the 14[th] century with those written from the 15[th] century onward. First, the sources composed in the 14[th] century agree on the view that 'Phags pa and Phyag na rdo rje, of the 'Khon family, and the dpon chen, who controlled the secular affairs of the Sa skya pa, held sway while maintaining a relationship with the Mongols. And Byang chub rgyal mtshan, who also lived in the 14[th] century, recognized that the Sa skya pa had extended its control of “bod kyi chol kha gsum” (three chol kha, districts of Tibet), but that its hegemony gradually declined. Secondly, Rgya bod yig tshang, written in the 15[th] century, created the new phrase “Qubilai presented 'Phags pa with the dbus gtsang gi khri bskor bcu gsum” (the thirteen myriarchies of central Tibet), and this source ignored the hegemony of the Pag mo gru pa, because the composer of this source belonged to the Sa skya pa school. However, Deb ther sngon po, which was also written in the 15[th] century, chose the phrase “Qubilai presented 'Phags pa with the “bod chol kha gsum, ” so the compiler of this source did not adopt the position of Rgya bod yig tshang, and its attitude was close to that of Byang chub rgyal mtshan. This source also argues that the times had changed from the age of Sa skya pa to that of the 'Phag mo gru pa, which had begun with Byang chub rgyal mtshan's reign. Later in the 16[th] century, Deb ther dmar po gsar ma maintained the same view that “bod kyi chol kha gsum” was presented to 'Phags pa by Qubilai and that the Sa skya pa age had begun, but its hegemony faded, and Byang chub rgyal mtshan replaced it and thereafter the age of the Phag mo gru pa continued. Before the appearance of the Rgya bod yig tshang, the descriptions in Tibetan sources are valuable as historical records written in the time of the Sa skya pa and the Phag mo gru pa, but after the Rgya bod yig tshang, the Tibetan sources made their own interpretations about these periods. It can thus be concluded that Rgya bod yig tshang was a turning point. This point has not been well recognized by researchers who have studied this era, but it is important to note the character of these sources.