古代イベリア半島のケルト・アイデンティティ

Abstract

従来のケルト研究において, 古代イベリア半島のケルト人は, その特殊性と劣悪な史料状況から, 取り上げられることが少なかった。しかし, 近年の研究の進展により, この地の重要性が明らかになりつつある。そこで, 本稿では, ケルトイベリア(おおよそ, 現在のイベリア半島中央部, メセタと呼ばれる高原地帯に相当)を対象に, 特にケルトイベリア戦争時とローマ帝政期に焦点を当て, 彼らのアイデンティティに着目しながら, ケルトイベリア社会の実態を検討した。具体的には, ヌマンティアの指揮官レトゥゲノスとビルビリス出身の諷刺詩人マルティアリスの2人を取り上げ, 両者のアイデンティティの考察と, ケルトイベリアの宗教の検討, 特に神々への信仰の分析を行った。その結果, ケルトイベリア戦争期にはケルト的要素を保持していたケルトイベリアは, 1世紀になると, 人々はまだケルト・アイデンティティを保持しながらも, 同時にローマ人としての自覚を獲得しつつあり, 彼らのアイデンティティは複合的なものになっていたという結論に達した。さらに, この状況がケルトイベリアの独自性が失われる端緒となったという見通しを示した。

The purpose of this paper is to reveal characteristics of Celtic society in Spain through the consideration of identity in Celtiberia. Until recently, Celtiberian studies have been dominated by the presupposition that Romanization took place : after the Roman conquest of Celtiberia, the Celtiberians were romanized and lost their Celtic identity. This assumption now needs to be explored and challenged. The Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula began in the late third century BC and was completed in 19 BC under the reign of Augustus. Through an investigation into the historical records of Retugenos, the Celtiberian chief in the fall of Numantia, the author of this paper firstly shows that during the Celtiberian war, and for some time afterwards, the Celtiberians still preserved their identity, even though Roman customs began to be introduced into Celtiberia. Secondly, the author discusses the case of Martial, an epigrammatist from Bilbilis. Martial insisted upon his Celtiberian origins although he seems to have had Roman self-consciousness, too. In his epigrams, we can see his pride in having Roman citizenship. His identity was, consequently, complex or mixed. Judging from the case of Martial, we can see that concepts of a Celtic identity had been preserved in Celtiberia at least until the first century AD. Thirdly, the author investigates religion in Celtiberia. The complex situation of the religion in Celtiberia is discussed through research into the cults of deities. The religious situation corresponds to the circumstance of both identity and cultural context in Celtiberia. The Celtiberian culture and the Roman culture coexisted in a separated condition, neither mixed nor united. The Celtiberians shared two complex identities : Celtic and Roman. But, under Roman influence, Celtiberian culture disappeared little by little before the reconciliation of both cultures.