後漢政治史における鴻都門學--靈帝期改革の再評價のために

Abstract

The actual state of the Hongdumenxue 鴻都門學, the Academy at the Hongdu Gate, which was established in the final years of the Later Han (the first year of the Guanghe era, 178), remains unclear, but it is thought to have been a school for the literary arts, focusing on the composition of literature and calligraphy, and has been considered one of the follies of Emperor Ling 靈帝. This article attempts a re-evaluation of the Hongdumenxue, using the words of the contemporary opponents of its establishment, Cai Yong 蔡邕, Yang Qiu 陽球, and Yang Ci 楊賜, make up for the lack of historical sources in an attempt to recover the historical reality of the academy. As a result, I have made clear that the Hongdumenxue was first, one of a series of policies promoted by Emperor Ling to reform the structure of the Later Han Dynasty, just as the establishment of the Xiyuanjun 西園軍 as a powerful central military was used to put pressure on outlying regions, and second, it was established as a institution to foster new bureaucrats to replace those Confucian bureaucrats and students of the National Academy who had been critical of the Emperor and who had withdraw from the bureaucratic realm after the Danggu incident 黨錮事件. It can be surmised that the assembling of those who showed talent in literary composition and calligraphic technique was conducted to marshal the imperial secretaries 尚書 and palace attendants 侍中 at the core of the bureaucratic state, and was a scheme of Emperor Ling to organize a new bureaucratic body to support the emperor's autocratic rule. The project ended in midstream with the premature death of the Emperor Ling, but the emphasis on practical ability rather than Confucian learning and moral influence was undoubtedly inherited by Cao Cao 曹操 in the following Three Kingdoms period as seen by his adoption of the policy of employing individuals based solely on their talent rather than any supposed moral superiority 唯才主義.