八旗ニルの根源とニル分類について

Abstract

Focusing on the issue of the succession to the office of Nirui janggin (Zuoling 佐領, the chief official of a niru, in this article I consider the origin and historical changes in the office from the time of Nurhaci through the Kangxi and Yongzheng eras. The capacity to inherit the office of the Nirui janggin was recognized during the reign of Nurhaci, and in the twelfth month of Tianming 6 (1621), the inheritance of the post of minister of state (hergen) from father to son was made explicit. In the sixth month of Tiancong 5 (1631), during the reign of Hong Taiji, the son of Nurhaci, the "precedent of inheriting posts by meritorious subjects" 功臣職世襲例 was established. After the precedent was set, the principle was transformed into "if one died in battle, a post was inheritable, " but "if one died from illness, it could not be inherited." In the years between Tiancong 5 and 8 in particular detailed regulations on the inheritance of Nirui janggin post were twice concluded. It is clear from these regulations that the roots of the Nirui janggin post and the accomplishments of the holder of the office were of great significance. Niru were divided according to the type of jurisdiction into dorgi 内 niru and enculehe 専管 niru, [or] enclulebuhe niru. Dorgi niru indicates those niru that were led by the Khan and his princes. The enculehe niru, [or] enclulebuhe niru referred to niru led by ministers of state with "different family" names, including a portion of the royal family. Then, in Kangxi 23 (1684) the niru were divided on the basis of history of how the post of Nirui janggin was inherited and the process of their formation, into fujuri 舊管/ 勳舊 niru, jalan halame bosoro 世承/ 世承 niru and teodenjehe 溙編/ 互管 niru. These became the basis of the later three types of niru, the Jujuri niru, jalan halame bosoro niru, and siden 公中 niru that appeared in the Yongzheng era. And so, the regulations concerning the appointment to vacancies in the post of Nirui janggin emphasized the right of certain household 家 (boo) to privately own jalan halame bosoro niru and indicated one aspect of the siden niru was its public character.