マムルーク朝時代のアレッポにおけるイスラーム宗教施設--ワクフと關與者の檢討

Abstract

The following points have been elucidated through an analysis centered primarily on the Islamic religious institutions in Aleppo during the later-Mamlukid period of the 15th century. The majority of the funds for the waqf endowment that supported religious institutions was taken from the profits of commercial establishments and public baths within the city and farmlands within a 50-kilometer radius (a one or two-day walk) of the city. Those who played a central role in establishing and maintaining these institutions were the governors and the residents of the city who had a direct interest in the region. The governors established large-scale religious institutions in the city as did wealthy merchants, and they bore the costs of their upkeep and repair. Those who could not establish such facilities on an individual basis made contributions in the form of small donations of money or labor. On the other hand, it was not only the case during the various dynasties that had only nominal suzerainty, but also during the Mamlukid period when the governor was sent from Cairo to Aleppo, that sultans seldom became involved in the establishment and maintenance of religious institutions in this city. This same tendency could also be seen in the central Syrian city of Damascus. The holy city of Jerusalem on the other hand attracted many donors who had no direct interest in the locality and thus it differed from Aleppo and Damascus. The fact that the financial basis of religious institutions was chiefly grounded in the locality was a point in common among these three cities. In conclusion I point out the fact that although there was a concentration of the establishment of religious institutions by powerful figures from outside Jerusalem, in the far more politically and administratively important cities of Aleppo and Damascus the Mamlukid sultans seldom established any religious institutions.