均田法の名稱と實態について

Abstract

The 井田 jing-tian system has been traditionally regarded as a system of landownership used during the Xia 夏, Shang 商, and Zhou 周 dynasties. At that time, all the land in the country was public-owned, and the people only used it and benefited by it. According to the jing-tian system in the Zhou dynasty, every man and his wife as a unit would be allowed to have 100mu as their personal share for planting cereals and in addition a 5mu lot for building houses, keeping livestocks, and planting mulberry trees, etc. This jing-tian system advocated by the Confucianists found expression in the decrees that were basic to the administration of the nation since the time of Emperor Wu 武帝 of the Han 漢 who adopted Confucianism as the national cult. It changed from legalistic to confucian contents and finally with the decrees of the Jin 晉 became entirely confucian. The zhan-tian 占田 and ke-tian 課田 system of the Jin generally based on confucian decrees, naturally had to parallel the same logic as in the jingtian system; as a matter of fact, their contents were very similar to it. It was Emperor Xia-wen 孝文帝 of Northern Wei 北魏 who inherited these Jin decrees and also adopted the landownership system very akin to them which was known as the jun-tian system. This system went on under the Northern Zhou 北周 Northern 北齊, and Sui隋, and continued as a working system during the Tang 唐 until the time of Emperor De-zong 德宗, when "Double Tax Method" 兩税法 was established. In the Tang dynasty, the system was officially called the jing-tian system. This is clearly shown in the section on a Hu-bu shang-shu 戸部尚書 and Shi-lang 侍郎 in the Da-Tang liu-dian 大唐六典 book 3 and in the section on Hu-bu shi-lang 戸部郎中 and Yuan-Wai-lang 員外郎 in the Zi-guan-zhi 職官志 of the Jiu Tang-shu 舊唐書. The name, jun-tian system, was at the time merely a popular term. We may surmise that this might also have been true during the previous periods of Northern Wei, Northern Zhou, Northern Qi, Sui and Tang, which signifies that the so-called jun-tian system not only carried the same name as the ancient jing-tian system but also had similar contents in actuality.