淸初の漢人官僚と人事政策の志向 : 内外互用・内陞外轉の關係から見た

Abstract

The Qing 淸 government often announced that it transferred han 漢 elite officials from central posts (han-lin-guany 翰林官 and ke-dao-guan科道官) to local posts (dao-yuan 道員) on a large scale in shun-zhi 順治 era. This also included that they could return to high ranking central officials (jing-tang 京堂) after their experiences as local officials. This article calls it nei-wai-hu-yong 內外互用. Such a personal transfer aimed at making the new elite course and overthrowing the former custom of promotions. 748 On the other hand, nei-sheng-wai-zhuan 內陞外轉was the former promotion course of han漢elite officials. This system promoted a few han elite officials from ke-dao-guan to jing-tang 京堂 or dao-yuan 道員 annually. For this reason, there was a conflict over official posts between nei-wai-hu-yong and nei-sheng-gai-zhuan. This article researches whether the personal transfer through nei-wai-hu-yong could achieve its aim or not. The essence is as follows. When nei-wai-hu-yong was carried out, it shocked han elite officials very much. They feared that this personal transfer meant dropping out from elite course. In fact, although the Qing government made effort to push nei-wai-hu-yong, real use of personnel appointment tended to preserve former nei-sheng-gai-zhuan. Comparing nei-wai-huyong with nei-sheng-gai-zhuan, nei-sheng-gai-zhuan was given good treatmentobviously. Even rules of personnel appointment ordered that ke-dao-guan of neisheng- gai-zhuan took priority over officials of nei-wai-hu-yong in personnel appointment. Officials of nei-wai-hu-yong were made to stand in disadvantageous situation clearly. These viewpoints show firm stability of han officialʼs elite course. Each official post was given proper rank for each han officialʼs situation, and he was promoted to proper official post for his situation. Preserving such a personnel appointment was shared by han officials as norm, and it supported stability of bureaucratic organization. Han officialʼs norm for personnel appointment decided whether the policy of personal transfer succeeded or not.