淸代における合夥の近代化への傾斜 : とくに東夥分化的形態について

Abstract

Ho-huo (called ho-ku (合股) after the 19th century) may be defined as the system where more than two persons join to run business in the form of partnership either in commerce, manufacturing, agriculture, or fishery, and it may be classified into (1) classical type, (2) ho-kuo and p'u-tung (舖東) type A, (3) ho-kuo and p'u-tung type B, (4) monopolisic p'u-tung type, A (5) monopolistic p'u-tung type B, (6) primeval ho-kuo type, and (7) joint stock type. The first type sprang up in the Ming (明) period, the second in the early part of the 18th century, the third and the forth in the first half of the 19th century, the fifth in the latter part of the same century, and the last in the 20th century. The sixth type seems to have already existed in the Sung period. The development of ho-huo corresponds to that of manufacturing; the size of enterprise grew in proportion to capital accumulation. If we compare the various types of ho-huo with business organizations in Europe, the first type corresponds to societas, and the second to commenda. When the third type developed, p'u-tung, which corresponds to holding company, tended toward monopolization, and, this tendency proved unfavourable to the growth of limited liabilities organization. The development of the forth and fifth types accelerated the tendency, and became the predominant types of business organizations in the semi-colonial and semi-feudalistic China. The Opium War occured just at the moment when China began to modernize itself by means of developing these types of organization. In the present paper the second and third types are treated.