宋代における穀物の粗色と細色について

Abstract

In the T'ang 唐and Five Dynasties 五代，su 粟 was designated as China's principal grain and other grains were labelled tsa 雜. The ratio of su to ts'ao-mi 糙米 was approximately ten to six. Furthermore, there was a difference established between su-gu 粟穀 and su-mi 粟米and this ratio had for a long time been ten to six. However, in the period from the Five Dynasties to the early Sung, nonglutinous rice 粳米 and wheat 小麥 began to be called hsi-se and other grains such as su were designated as ts'u-se (or tsa-se 雜色 or chien-se 賤色); su was placed in a category which had been called tsa in the T'ang. The distinction between ts'u-se and hsi-se formed the basis for the government's handling of grains. Later, in the Southern Sung, this distinction does not seem to possess the same sort of importance it had in the Northern Sung, but the unified dynasties of the Yuan 元 and Ming 明 continued to make use of this distinction. Also there was a conversion for ts'u-se and hsi-se which was enacted on the basis of "ts'ang-shih" 倉式, and this rate of exchange at ten to six indicates a continuity since the T'ang. This ten to six exchange rate was employed in the Yuan and Ming as well, but from the Southern Sung on the rate appears to be ten to five. In short such was the situation accompanying the increase in the usage of hsi-se.