晉代における將軍號と都督

Abstract

This article is concerned with developments in the role of "Ssu-cheng" 四征 generals and the description of the system of "governorships" 都督 in the Chin dynasty. (By "Ssu-cheng generals, " I include such titles as Ssu-cheng 四征, Ssu-chen 四鎭, Ssu-an 四安, and Ssu-ping 四平 generals, and other major posts ； by "governorships, " I mean the posts of Tu-tu chu-chun shih 都督諸軍事, Chien chu-chun shih 監諸軍事, and Tu chu shun shih 都督軍事). In the Wei Dynasty of the Three States period, "generals" when serving in charge of military affairs in the provinces usually had the function of "Governors". Of these, the most important was the Ssu-cheng chiang-chun. It is thought that the area of military jurisdiction of these officers was determined by their "governorships" which, centered on the capital, reached out in every direction to include the provinces 州. However in the Eastern Chin, which was centered in South China, it became difficult to carry out military administration based on these geographical units. In the Chin dynasty, in addition to the title of Tu-tu chu-chun shih, held concurrently with grades one through four of court rank, generals ranked below the third grade held the titles of Chien chu-chun shih or Tu chu-chun chih. Not only the title of Ssu-cheng chiang-chun but other grades both higher and lower, were held with the title of Tu-tu. In the Eastern Chin, this tendency was even more pronounced. In the Wei and Western Chin, the title of Ssu-chung lang-chung 四中郎將 of the fourth grade, was given to the Tu Chu-chun shih 督諸軍事, but in the Eastern Chin was given increasingly to the Chien chu-chun shih, which had been raised to the third rank. From this we can see that the importance of the office of Ti-tu was increasing, and the titles of "general" merely expressed the military responsibilities of the office. The rank of Ssu-cheng chiang-chun, then, was merely one of these titles. The "general" ranks, associated with the nine-grade system, expressed status within the system of military and civil office. Thus, in the Eastern Chin, judging from the associated military ranks, the title of Tu-tu chu-chun shih expressed rank of the second grade, while those of Chien chu-chun shih expressed rank of the third grade.