明王朝成立期の軌跡 : 洪武朝の疑獄事件と京師問題をめぐって

Abstract

The first three reigns of the Ming dynasty--Hung-wu, Chien-wen 建文, and Yung-lo永樂--are usually considered as follows : In the Hung-wu period the foundation of the dynasty was laid； after the"disturbances of Ching-nan" 靖難之變, the Yung-lo reign saw these changes institutionalized. More concretely, the abolition of the Chung-shu Chancery 中書省 in 1380, the consequent advancement of the Six Boards, and the establishment of the li-chia 里甲 system in the next year, represented the first stage of the process ； the re-establishment of the capital in Peking in 1421 marks its final completion. In this view, the Hung-wu reign and the succeeding Chien-wen period are taken together as progressive stages of the establishment of Ming institutions. The Yung-lo reign is thus viewed as a departure. There is a complete division between the first two reigns and the Yung-lo period. The capital was moved to Peking, in this view, because that is where the Yung-lo emperor had been enfeoffed. In this article, in contrast to this, I place the Hung-wu and Yung-lo reigns together, and treat the Chien-wen period as aberrant. From this viewpoint, the fact that the Ming government was established in the south--in other words, the fact of the historical development of South China-- becomes an important element. It was the landlord class of that area which played a great role in the foundation of the dynasty, and thereafter formed its chief support. Because of the economic development of this region, officials of southern origin, as well as the resident landlords, played a leading role. Because the capital was located in the heart of this productive region, at Nanking, the economy was inevitably centred in the south. The government became a monopoly of southerners 南人． Obviously, this tendency ran counter to the plans of a government which intended to embrace all the nation in its rule. The five cases of impeachment in the Hung-wu period represent a thorough-going reaction to the southern officials and landlords, and the plans at the end of the reign for moving the capital to Sian 西安 also were made with a view to unification. However, these plans were not carried out and in the Chienwen reign, with the capital remaining in Nanking, a pro-Southern stance was adopted. This had been necessitated by the great power of the princes in the north, which led the Chien-wen regime to consolidate its own power base. Under the influence of southern officials, the Chien-wen regime laid plans to dispossess the northern princes. The anti-southern policies of the Hung-wu period were completely reversed. Thus the Yung-lo emperor opposed the Chien-wen emperor's plans for disenfeoffment and caused the "disturbances of Ching-nan." The removal of the capital to Peking after he became Emperor is certainly not because this was his old domain. As a rescript issued upon his accession makes clear, he proposed to continue and carry out the policies of the Hung-wu period. The early Ming dynasty, as a whole, despite variations of direction, represent a movement away from a government dominated by southerners. and towards a unified state.