『萬暦邸鈔』と『萬暦疏鈔』

Abstract

This paper treats the background of compilation and compilators of two important works for the study of the history of the Wan-li period (1573-1620), the "Wan-li ti-ch'ao (3 ts'e, Taiwan, Cheng-chung shu-chu 正中書局, 1969) and the "Wan-li shu-ch'ao" (50 chuan, 34 ts'e, possessed by the Sonkeikaku 尊經閣 Library, preface from Wan-li 37 (1609)), and it clarifies the character of these sources. The author of the "Wan-li ti-ch'ao" was formerly considered unknown, but now is known that it was compiled by Ch'ien I-pen 錢一本 (1546- 1617) from Wu-chin 武進. This is clear from the liferecord (hsing-chuang 行狀) of Ch'ien I-pen by the hand of Wu Liang 呉亮.It is also supported by the fact that the "Wan-li ti-ch'ao" which is written in the annals form, stops right before the death of Ch'ien I-pen. Ch'ien l-pen, a person who supervised the Ching-cheng t'ang 經正堂 School of Wu-chin, had also, by way of the Tung-lin Academy (東林書院), close connections with people of the Tung-lin Party. Huang Tsung-i 黃宗羲 in his "Ming-ju hsueh-an" 明儒學案 mentions him in the part on the Tung-lin, the "Tung-lin hsueh-an" 東林學案. Also, his son Ch'ien Ch'un 錢春 conducted his political activities from the standpoint of the Tung-lin faction. Therefore this book is an indispensable work for the study of political history, being a history of the Wan-li period seen from the side of the Tung-lin faction. However, as for instance the chapter on Wan-li 43 (1615) is placed between the 28th and the 32nd year (resp. 1600 and 1604), one has to be careful when using it. In the "Wan-li shu-ch'ao", with prefaces written by Ch'ien I-pen and Ku Hsien-ch'eng 顧憲成, the same Wu Liang from Wu-chin becomes the central figure, and, moreover, it is compiled with the help of the core of the Tung-lin faction members. It incorporates thematically the texts of memoranda from Wan-li 1 (1573) to Wan-li 42 (1614). Due to the fact that it contains memoranda in connection with Manchu-policies it was designated as a forbidden work during the Ch'ing 清 Dynasty, and there are only extremely few works handed down to us. Wu Liang was related by marriage to Ch'ien I-pen, and was sharply opposed to the anti-Tung-lin faction, supporting Ku Hsien-ch'eng. Therefore one can say that also this book has been compiled according to the contemporary political doctrines of the Tung-lin faction. It mostly criticizes the political situation between the monarch and the cabinet, especially its oppression of freedom of speech, and parts relating to concrete local policies are rather rare. This problem also is related to the gentry-controversy of late, and hereafter one shall have to examine the contents of this book.