宋代官僚の寄居について

Abstract

In a previous article, "The purchase of fields and the change of residence (xiju 徙居) of Song period officials" (Shirin 54-2), I discussed the custom of changing residence practiced by Song period officials. In this article, I will examine the evidence of this problem in Northern and Southern Song officer regulations. Although Song period officials generally held office for their entire life, their tenure also included periods during which they "dwelt at ease" (xianju 閑居) without official employment. One such type of retired official (xianguan 閑官) was the cilu 祠祿 officer whose appointment is characteristic of the Song period system. Since the end of Northern Song, these positions had increased and, during the early Southern Song, had been awarded to an excessive degree. Because personal choice of residence was permitted to these officers, they generally lodged temporarily in convenient regions. The number of officials brandishing their power and causing oppression thus increased. Another type of retired official was the daique 待闕, an officer who awaited a new appointment after having completed tenure at his previous post. Historical records evidence the fact that it was common for these officers not to return to their native towns, but rather to live temporarily in other places as jiju daique guan 寄居待闕官 during their waiting period. This practice also increased during the latter part of the Northern Song, a period when officers had become a surplus. These officers interfered with the governmental administration of the provinces and such ill effects as their making commotion among the people came to be deplored. At this point, laws were promulgated prohibiting the appointment of daique guan to the position of chaiqian 差遣 that involved temporary residence, as well as the temporary residence of retired officials in the locale of their former appointment. These laws are found in volume 7 concerning "zhizhimen 職制門" of the Qingyuan tiaofa shilei 慶元條法事類 especially the section on "jiju daique". As many officials had bought fields to increase production during the periods of their temporary lodging, the purchase of moguantian 沒官田 was also authorized. However, although the terms tujuguan 土居官 and tuju shidaifu 土居士大夫 do appear in historical records, they occur quite infrequently when compared with the occurrence of the term jiju guan. This demonstrates the prevalence of the practice of "temporary lodging." What was seen to be a disadvantage for the provincial governmental administration was not tujuguan, but rathe jiju guan.