秦漢における徭役の諸形態

Abstract

This article deals with the classification, the character and the change of various forced labour in the period of the Warring States, the Qin and the Han. At first, the forced labour in those days are classified into (a) the forced labour (yaoyi 徭役) on the central government, (b) the gengyao 更徭, (c) the odd jobs outside the limit of the gengyao, and so on. Among them, the gengyao existed as the fundamental and constant duty of the people. On the other hand, all the others as the extra characters. The gengyao was imposed on adult men who were within a period of the obligation of the suanfu 算賦, and was in a system that they took it turns every month throughout the year. The gengyao was primarily controlled and requisitioned by the district. By the Wudi 武帝 regime in the Former Han, the right of requisition was held by a director in the commanderies and states. Hereby, in place of the actual requisition, the collect of the exemption from service (the gengfu 更賦 or the guogeng-qian 過更錢) was little by little generalized. The yaoyi was controlled and requisitioned by the central government, and has a character which it was gone into commission beyond the confines of the district (later, the commandery). The odd jobs were requisitioned as occasion calls by a director of the district (later, the commandery and the district). They were devoted to the relatively small-scale labours and have a character that they supplement the gengyao. Further, there was a case that the old, the minority and the women were requisitioned as occasion calls for the yaoyi and the odd jobs.