魏博と成德 : 河朔三鎭の權力構造についての再檢討

Abstract

In the late Tang the three provinces in Hebei 河北 of Weibo 魏博, Chengde 成徳 and Lulong 盧龍, collectively called the Hexue Sanzhen 河朔三鎭, were notorious for their disobedience of the central court and for their enjoyment of a considerable degree of independence. On this basis, it has been assumed that the structure of power in these three provinces was approximately the same. That is, that there was a powerful group of soldiers called Yajun 牙軍 in each province and that these groups frequently deported or murdered their provincial commander (fanshuai 藩帥) in order to preserve their interests, and that as a consequence of this the authority of the provincial commander was unstable. This model, however, is constructed largely on evidence pertaining to the situation in Weibo, and the assumption that it can also be applied to the other two provinces lacks supporting evidence. In this essay, I attempt to show that the three provinces of the Hexue Sanzhen by no means had a similar structure of power. This is shown via a contrasting study of Chengde and Weibo. The main points presented are as follows: (i) The title of Yaiun should be considered to refer to the proper name of the guard-corps headquartered at Weibo. This guard-corps was distinct from those in the other provinces in that it had a considerable number of soldiers who were recruited from the home province, and in that its posts were based on hereditary succession and intimately linked by close bonds of fellowship and common interest. (ii) No such powerful group of soldiers as that of the Yajun in Weibo existed in Chengde, and those men who occupied the central positions of military-political power there were experienced general officers from the An-Shi 安史 rebel army. It is, therefore, proper that the structure of power in Chengde be examined through analyses of the relations and conflicts existing between the provincial commander and these officers. (iii) The reason for the stability of Chengde under the control of the Wang family 王氏 as provincial commanders was the emasculation of the powerful general officers during the course of several struggles between the provincial commanders and these officers, and the purge or appeasement attempts on the officers by the commanders extending over a long period of time. In the unsettled era after the Huang Chao 黃巢 rebellion, however, the stability and peace of Chengde as a small kingdom of the Wang family no longer pertained.