初期イスラーム時代のキリスト教徒アラブ社會 : タグリブ族の事例を中心として

Abstract

My intent in this article is to study the history of non-Muslims living under Muslim rule, and in particular to analyze that which can be extrapolated from the history of the Banu Taghlib. The Banu Taghlib were one of the most influential tribes of the Rabi'a coalition. Originally, they controlled an area in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula, especially in Yamama. After fierce battles with the Bakrites (Banu Shayban), they emigrated toward Iraq, extending into territory as far as the Euphrates. They then established themselves in Jazira, held predominance over the tribes in this region, and accepted Monophysite Christianity. The Banu Taghlib were well-known to have remained Christian for several centuries after the Muslim conquest of Jazira, and they were considered to be representative of Christian Arabs living under Muslim rule. The first part of this article reconstructs the history of the Taghlibites from the Pre-Islamic period to the heyday of the Abbasid dynasty. In this section I prove that the situation and sphere of the Taghlibites under Muslim regimes were in essence decided by relations among the Arabs and in the course of tribal confricts. The Taghiibites were by degrees obliged to limit their sphere of control to include only Diyar Rabi'a, especially near Mawsil, however, this limitation is to be seen in continuity with pre-Islamic tribal confricts waged to secure better pasturage and residence. The difference lay only in the fact that the enemy comprised Muslim Arabs who had inherited privilege and legitimacy in the Islamic government. The second part of this article examines the substantial situation of the Taghlibites under Muslim rule, in which they were known to be imposed a doubled sadaqa. In this section, I utilize historical details gleaned from Taghlibite's contracts with the Muslim government the conditions of their church, and the record of religious oppression they suffered, in order to analyze the actual conditions of non-Muslim communities and their Islamization in Islamic history.