唐代後半の北邊財政 : 度支系諸司を中心に

Abstract

During the reign of Xuan-zong 玄宗, the position of Transport Commissioner for Shuofang province 朔方道水陸運使, the duties of which included the provision for the northern frontiers, was set up at Sheng-zhou 勝州. This position was taken over around 737 by the Transport Commissioner for the Six Fortresses 六城水運使 at Ling-zhou 靈州. The irregular and unexpected demand for commodities that arose as a result of the An Lu-shan's rebellion, could not be dealt with by the existing organizations, including the Transport Commissioner for the Six Fortresses. As a result, the central government was forced to establish the Commissioners for levying rations 糧料使. In the Zhenyuan 貞元 period, in light of the serious nature of the invasion from Tibet, the Department of Public Revenue founded larger scale and permanent local agencies, branch officers 巡院 and the Transport Commissioner for Daibei region 代北水運使. Both of them were under the control of the Department of Public Revenue. By the Changqing 長慶 period, following Xian-zong's 憲宗 success in substantially depriving local Military Governors 節度使 of their authority, the fiscal control of Department of Public Revenue on the northen frontiers was established, which was administered by three kinds of local agencies (branch officers, the Transport Commissioner for Daibei region, and the Commissioners for provisioning the armies 供軍使). However, after the Uyghur's invasion in 841-3, this provisioning system could no longer function effectively. Subsequently, in xi-zong's 僖宗 reign､the system was collapsed completely during the rebellion of Sha-tuo 沙陀 over the Daibei region. Originally, the function of transport to provision the northern frontiers was in fact carried out by corvee labour. By the end of the eighth century, long-service soldiers 官健 came to be employed in this capacity. The system whereby merchants contracted for whole duties, adopted in other districts, does not, however, seem to have emerged at any time throughout the Tang dynasty.