兩制制度の成立

Abstract

This article deals with the imperial edict system under the Tang dynasty 唐. The zhong-shu she-ren 中書舎人 (or the zhi-zhi-gao 知制誥) carried out the duty of drafting the imperial edicts under the system of "three departments" 三省制 of the Tang. On the other hand, the emperors' intimate attendants with the title of academician 學士 often drafted the imperial edicts from the early Tang, which paved the way for the establishment of the han-lin academician 翰林學士 in 738. Being the drafters of imperial edicts, the zhong-shu she-ren (or the zhi-zhi-gao) and the han-lin academician were different in origin and significance. As an exploration of the points of similarity and difference between them is necessary for understanding the imperial edict system, the author here seeks to investigate their roles in the drafting process, that is the formation of the "two drafters" system. Chapter one discusses the relation of the zhizhi-gao to the zhong-shu she-ren. The zhi-zhi-gao was instituted with the rise of the zhong-shu she-ren's rank by the reign of the Empress Wu 武后. It's promotion to the zhong-shu she-ren depended on its fulfilment of merit ratings of titular post 本官考滿 instead of its tenure. Chapter two examines the appointment of the han-lin academician. The han-lin academician was selected from the elite officials of middle and lower rank, and served the emperors as their close attendants. Following this argument, chapter three accounts for the division of drafting duties among the han-lin academician and the zhong-shu she-ren (or the zhi-zhi-gao). As the emperors had to give some imperial edicts in their own words from the imperial court, the han-lin academician was entrusted with their draftings which resulted in the formation of the "two drafters" system. Finally, the author explains the procedure for making the edicts by the han-lin academician 翰林制詔, and the development of the "two drafters" system in the Five 五代 and Song 宋 dynasties.